Infra-Population and -Community Dynamics of the Parasites Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, and Consequences for Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Hosts
Figure 3
Level of Nosema infection in dead adult worker western honey bees (Apis mellifera) 28–30 d post oral inoculation for control, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae and mixed N. apis/N. ceranae treatments.
Boxplots show interquartile range (box), median (black line within interquartile range), data range (dashed vertical lines), and outliers (open dots); asterisks (black) represent means. Horizontal square parenthesis under boxplots indicates a significant difference; controls were excluded from analyses because no infections were observed.