Podocyte Developmental Defects Caused by Adriamycin in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae: A Novel Model of Glomerular Damage
Figure 1
Adriamycin dose and time-dependent effects.
(a) Palb test results showing dose-dependent effects of adriamycin on isolated rat glomeruli. The test is considered positive when Palb values are higher than 0.5 (dashed red line). Asterisks (**) indicate P<0.005 vs NT (NT = Not Treated) and # P<0.05. (b) A representative example of the developmental defects caused by exposure to 10 µM adriamycin at 3 hpf. Images were taken at 24 hpf. As compared to a normally developing embryo (NT, left panel), the adriamycin-treated embryo (ADR) shows severe changes, such as the absence of eye development. Arrows point to the eye in NT embryo and its absence after ADR exposure. (c) Normal development of 24 hpf embryos exposed to 10–40 µM adriamycin (ADR) when ADR is dissolved in the medium at 9 hpf. Treated embryos (panels 2–4) are indistinguishable from the control (panel 1, NT). (d) At 48 hpf, as compared to the control (NT, top panel), fish exposed to adriamycin 10–40 µM start displaying evident dose-dependent pericardial edema (light blue areas). The effect is very mild at the adriamycin dosage of 5 µM (second panel from the top).