Reconciling Pesticide Reduction with Economic and Environmental Sustainability in Arable Farming
Figure 3
Cropping systems distribution according to sustainability indicators.
Performance indicators are expressed as a ratio of the local reference indicator, except for semi-net margin, expressed as a difference with the local reference. Conventional, integrated and organic cropping systems are represented by blue, green and red box plots respectively. The horizontal black bars and grey dashed bars correspond to median and mean values respectively. The horizontal red dashed bar recalls the position of the local references. Outliers are not represented. Performance metrics included: a) Treatment Frequency Index, b) productivity (organic farming: one outlier, v = 0.78; integrated farming: two outliers, v1 = 1.48 and v2 = 1.87), c) energy efficiency (organic farming: one outlier, v = 1.72), d) fuel consumption (integrated farming: one outlier, v = 1.37; conventional farming: two outliers v1 = 0.8 and v2 = 0.88), e) cumulated I-Pest (conventional farming: two outliers v1 = 0.38 and v2 = 0.42), f) semi-net margin, g) nitrogen fertilization (organic farming: one outlier, v = 1.13; integrated farming: two outliers, v1 = 1.32 and v2 = 1.52), h) workload (conventional farming: one outlier v = 0.74).