Axon Guidance of Sympathetic Neurons to Cardiomyocytes by Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)
Figure 4
Pre- and post-synaptic stimulation by nicotine and noradrenalin on the spontaneous beating of cardiomyocytes.
A) Effects of nicotine (1 µM). Left: representative recording of extracellular potentials before and 6 min after application of nicotine to a mono-culture of VMs treated for 5 days with GDNF 10 ng/ml ([VM+GDNF]), co-cultures of VMs/SNs treated with vehicle only ([VM/SN+Vehicle], and co-cultures treated 5 days with GDNF 10 ng/ml ([VM/SN+GDNF]). Right: percent changes of spontaneous beating rate from baseline. Values are means±SD (n = 4), *p<0.05 vs. VM+GDNF. B) Effects of noradrenalin (10 µM). Left: representative extracellular potentials of VMs before and 3 min after application of noradrenalin to a mono-culture of VMs/SNs treated for 5 days with GDNF 10 ng/ml ([VM+GDNF]), co-cultures of VMs/SNs treated with vehicle only ([VM/SN+Vehicle]), co-cultures treated 5 days with GDNF 10 ng/ml ([VM/SN+GDNF]). Right: percent changes of spontaneous beating rate from baseline. [VM+Vehicle] : mono-cultures of VMs treated with vehicle only, [VM+NGF]: mono-cultures of VMs treated 5 days with NGF 50 ng/ml, [VM+GDNF]: mono-cultures of VMs treated 5 days with GDNF 10 ng/ml, respectively. Values are means±SD (n = 4). *Significantly different from baseline in each group (p<0.05, n = 4); †p<0.05 vs the VM/SN group (n = 4); #p<0.05 vs the VM/SN+NGF group (n = 4).