Sulphonylurea Usage in Melioidosis Is Associated with Severe Disease and Suppressed Immune Response
Figure 1
(A–D) Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were incubated with metformin, glyburide or insulin at the indicated doses (0.0001–0.01 mg/mL or control media) for an hour after which purified Bp antigen (1 µg/mL) was added for stimulation.
(E) PBMC from diabetic patients receiving sulphonylurea (SU)-containing regimen (n = 9) versus those not on a non-SU regimen (n = 13) were stimulated with purified Bp antigen. Cytokine responses were measured at 24 h for TNF-α and IL-1b and at 48 h for IL-10 and IFN-γ. The in-vitro data are cumulative results of at least 3 sets of experiments (n≥9) and expressed as means±standard errors of the means (SEM). * p<0.05 compared to the respective control (white bar) for (A–D) or between SU and non-SU group for (E).