The authors propose two kinds of method (Front Surface Method, Back Surface Method) by applying the X-ray measurement to a destructive method of removing thin layers to obtain three principal components of residual stress in a multi-layered cylinder composed of many elements of different materials and give the calculating formulas for every method. The formulas⁽¹⁾⁽⁴⁾ for a single cylinder can be derived as a special case from the present ones. As applications of the authors' two methods, they measured the residual stresses of a two-layered cylinder produced by the external or internal chromium deposition on a hollow carbon steel cylinder and compared them with the results obtained by applying the Strain Gauge Method⁽⁵⁾ to the same specimen. In a general multi-layered cylinder, the elements have different linear expansion coefficients, so that the residual stress distributions must be affected by temperature. The authors emphasized that the temperature of measurement should be set at a standard temperature and showed the correcting formula of residual stress for a changed measuring temperature in two-layered cylinder.