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COVID-19 and Children: From an Epidemiological Perspective

Year 2020, COVID-19, 1 - 8, 24.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.766593

Abstract

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly progressed globally started from early days of 2020 and was disseminated to 187 countries and territories by April. As of May 3, 2020, COVID-19 has led to a total of 3,507,442 cases and 245,241 related deaths, globally. Turkey, was successful to delay the first COVID-19 case until March 10, yet, case numbers increased fast, reaching to the top 7th rank in the list of countries with the highest case numbers. It is fortunate that the case-fatality ratio was relatively low, with a somewhat stable course around 2.5%. Somewhat stable course of new case numbers, with an apparent decrease through the end of April led to onset of normalization attempts in the country. The future course of the pandemic will be mainly determined by compliance of the general public with personal hygiene, mask use and social distancing.
Globally, COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality rates are lower among children than in adults. Underlying mechanisms for this difference has not been clarified, yet, may be linked to lower exposure rates among children, their immune response may be different and/or higher rates of asymptomatic cases may have lower admissions/testing among children. However, it is important to emphasize that children are prone to SARS-CoV-2, too and all relevant preventions should be ensured. This issue should also be considered in evaluating potential risk of infection transfer from asymptomatic youngsters to the elderly and/or to those with chronic diseases.
Data on COVID-19-related case numbers and deaths have not been published so far for children. This requires urgent consideration for related reporting and novel research activities on health burden of COVID-19 on Turkish children. Success in combating the COVID-19 pandemic requires concurrent efforts for clinical management of patients together with epidemiological studies of available national data and establishment of specific research to provide evidence for national and international preventive interventions. Learnings from this pandemic will provide direct evidence for management of future pandemics, and all related parties should be motivated to prepare detailed reporting of ongoing efforts and their outputs.

References

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COVID-19 ve Çocukların Etkilenimi: Epidemiyolojik Açıdan Değerlendirmeler

Year 2020, COVID-19, 1 - 8, 24.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.766593

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün neden olduğu COVID-19 hastalığı, 2020 yılının ilk günlerinden itibaren hızla yayılarak, Nisan ayı sonunda 187 ülke ve bölgeye yayılım göstermiş; 3 Mayıs 2020 itibarı ile dünyada 3,507,442 vaka ve ilişkili 245,241 ölüme neden olmuştur. Türkiye, ilk vakanın görüldüğü 10 Mart 2020 tarihinden sonra vaka sayılarındaki hızla artma sonucu 50 gün içinde vaka sayısı en yüksek 7. ülke konumuna yükselmiş, ancak bu arada ölüm sayılarını göreceli olarak aşağı sınırlarda (%2.5 civarında) tutmayı başarmıştır. Nisan ayının sonuna doğru vaka sayılarında düzleşme ve aşağı doğru gidiş ile gündelik yaşamdaki kısıtlamaların azaltılması konusundaki çalışmalar başlamıştır. Toplumun kişisel hijyen, sosyal mesafenin korunması ve maske kullanımına uyum düzeyine bağlı olarak salgının ülkemizdeki süreci değişiklik gösterebilecektir.
Dünya genelinde çocukluk çağında COVID-19 vaka ve ölüm sayıları, yetişkinlere kıyasla daha düşüktür. Bunun altında yatan nedenler çocukların enfeksiyonla daha az karşılaşmaları, bağışıklık sistemi cevaplarının yetişkinlerden farklı olması ve/veya asemptomatik olmaları nedeniyle daha az hastane başvuru/test yapılması kaynaklı olabileceği konusunda yayınlar olsa da sonuçları henüz kesinlik kazanmamıştır. Öte yandan, COVID-19 pandemisinin çocukların yaşamı için de bir risk olduğu kesindir ve bu konuda yeterli önlemler alınmalıdır. Bu paralelde asemptomatik ve sağlıklı görünümdeki çocukların enfeksiyonu taşıma konusundaki tehlike hem topluma yönelik kısıtlamalar planlanırken hem de özellikle yaşlı ve kronik hastalığı olan kişilerin bireysel korunmasında dikkate alınmalıdır.
Türkiye’deki vaka sayıları içinde çocuklara ait yüzdeler ve ilişkili risk faktörleri konusunda yayınlanmış bir bilgi henüz yoktur. Bu konuda yapılacak çalışmalara ivedikle ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Pandemi dahilinde bir yandan salgına bağlı hastalık yükü ile başa çıkarken, bir yandan da verilerin detaylı inceleme ve analizlerinin yapılması, literatüre katkı sağlayacak çalışmalar ile ulusal ve uluslararası mücadele planlarına katkı sağlanması değerlidir; bu pandemide öğrenilenlerin detaylı olarak yapılması bundan sonraki pandemiler için kanıta dayalı hazırlık sürecine doğrudan katkı sağlayacaktır ve desteklenmelidir.

References

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  • 18. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1663-1665 doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073
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  • 23. NYC Health. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) daily data summary. Erişim tarihi: 8 Mayıs 2020. Available from: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/imm/covid-19-daily-data-summary.pdf
  • 24. Disease background of COVID-19. European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Erişim tarihi: 8 Mayıs 2020. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/2019-ncov-background-disease.
  • 25. Pearce N. Classification of epidemiological study designs. Int J Epidemiol 2012;41(2):393-397. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys049
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  • 28. COVID-NET. A weekly summary of US COVID-19 hospitalization data. Erişim tarihi: 8 Mayıs 2020. Available from: https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_5.html (Accessed on May 01, 2020).
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  • 30. Myers LC, Parodi SM, Escobar GJ, Liu VX. Characteristics of Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 in an Integrated Health Care System in California. JAMA 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.7202
  • 31. Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. Sci China Life Sci 2020; 63:706.-711. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4
  • 32. Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu L, et al. Clinical outcome of 55 asymptomatic cases at the time of hospital admission infected with SARS-Coronavirus-2 in Shenzhen, China. J Infect Dis 2020. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa119.
  • 33. Denina M, Scolfaro C, Silvestro E, et al. Lung ultrasound in children with COVID-19. Pediatrics 2020 (pre-publication release). Erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020. Available from: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2020/04/17/peds.2020-1157
  • 34. Cao Q, Chen YC, Chen CL, Chiu CH. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: Transmission dynamics and clinical characteristics. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119(3):670-673. doi: 10.1016/j.jfm
  • 35. ECDC rapid risk assessment. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK – seventh update 25 March 2020 Erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2020. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-seventh-update-Outbreak-of-coronavirus-disease-COVID-19.pdf
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  • 40. Wadhera RK, Wadhera P, Gaba P, et al. Variation in COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Deaths Across New York City Boroughs. JAMA 2020.
  • 41. She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVID-19 epidemic. Disease characteristics in children. J Med Virol 2020. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25807
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section REVIEW
Authors

Banu Çakır 0000-0001-6645-6527

Publication Date July 24, 2020
Submission Date July 8, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 COVID-19

Cite

Vancouver Çakır B. COVID-19 and Children: From an Epidemiological Perspective. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2020;14(COVID-19):1-8.


The publication language of Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease is English.


Manuscripts submitted to the Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease will go through a double-blind peer-review process. Each submission will be reviewed by at least two external, independent peer reviewers who are experts in the field, in order to ensure an unbiased evaluation process. The editorial board will invite an external and independent editor to manage the evaluation processes of manuscripts submitted by editors or by the editorial board members of the journal. The Editor in Chief is the final authority in the decision-making process for all submissions. Articles accepted for publication in the Turkish Journal of Pediatrics are put in the order of publication, with at least 10 original articles in each issue, taking into account the acceptance dates. If the articles sent to the reviewers for evaluation are assessed as a senior for publication by the reviewers, the section editor and the editor considering all aspects (originality, high scientific quality and citation potential), it receives publication priority in addition to the articles assigned for the next issue.


The aim of the Turkish Journal of Pediatrics is to publish high-quality original research articles that will contribute to the international literature in the field of general pediatric health and diseases and its sub-branches. It also publishes editorial opinions, letters to the editor, reviews, case reports, book reviews, comments on previously published articles, meeting and conference proceedings, announcements, and biography. In addition to the field of child health and diseases, the journal also includes articles prepared in fields such as surgery, dentistry, public health, nutrition and dietetics, social services, human genetics, basic sciences, psychology, psychiatry, educational sciences, sociology and nursing, provided that they are related to this field. can be published.