慢加急性肝衰竭的定义、诊断及治疗研究进展
Research Progress on Definition, Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142642, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 41  浏览: 104 
作者: 古丽尼尕尔·吾斯曼, 范晓棠*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院消化病二科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 慢加急性肝衰竭定义诊断标准治疗Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) Definition Diagnostic Criteria Treatment
摘要: 慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)是危及全球公共健康的重大疾病,内科综合治疗病死率高达50%~90%,早期诊断和治疗对降低ACLF病死率至关重要。由于东西方国家ACLF主要病因不同,至今仍无统一的ACLF定义与诊断标准。本文总结了近年来有关ACLF定义、诊断标准及治疗的研究进展,为制订新的治疗策略和国际指南提供理论依据。
Abstract: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a major disease that endangers global public health. The mortality rate of comprehensive medical treatment is as high as 50%~90%. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce the mortality rate of ACLF. Due to the different main causes of ACLF in Eastern and Western countries, there is still no uniform definition and diagnostic criteria for ACLF. This article summarizes the research progress on the definition, diagnostic criteria and treatment of ACLF in recent years, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of new treatment strategies and international guidelines.
文章引用:古丽尼尕尔·吾斯曼, 范晓棠. 慢加急性肝衰竭的定义、诊断及治疗研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 4629-4637. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142642

1. 引言

慢加急性肝衰竭(acute-on-chronic liver failure, ACLF)是慢性肝病患者在多种急性肝损伤因素作用下发生的一种综合征,主要表现为黄疸、腹水、凝血功能障碍及肝性脑病 [1] [2] 。病毒、细菌及真菌感染、酒精中毒、药物损伤等均可导致ACLF的发生,其中HBV感染为我国ACLF的主要病因 [3] [4] 。ACLF起病急骤,病情进展迅速,可在短时间内引起多器官功能衰竭,预后较差 [5] ,目前尚缺乏理想的治疗手段。肝移植虽可明确降低患者病死率,但由于肝源缺乏、费用高昂等问题其临床应用并不广泛。因此,早期诊断和治疗对降低ACLF病死率至关重要。近年来,关于慢加急性肝衰竭定义及治疗方法层出不穷,本文就ACLF定义、诊断标准及治疗的研究进展总结如下。

2. ACLF的定义及诊断标准

目前肝病学界对ACLF还没有统一的定义。东西方国家慢性肝病病因差异及急性诱发因素的不同导致了ACLF诊断标准不统一。亚洲慢加急性肝衰竭的定义侧重于急性肝损伤引起的肝功能衰竭,而欧美的定义更注重全身性多器官功能衰竭,认为肝功能衰竭不是必要的 [6] 。

2.1. 亚太肝病协会(APASL)诊断标准

亚太肝病协会(Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver, APASL)于2009年发布了关于ACLF的第一个共识建议,并分别于2014年 [7] 、2019 [8] 年对其进行了更新。ACLF定义为在己诊断或先前未诊断的慢性肝脏病基础上出现的急性肝损伤,患者的最初表现为黄疽[总胆红素 ≥ 5 mg/dL]和凝血功能障碍[国际标准化比值 ≥ 1.5或凝血酶原活动度 ≤ 40%],而不包括任何其他肝外器官衰竭。同时患者在发病28天内并发腹水和/或肝性脑病,28天死亡率极高 [8] 。

2.2. 欧洲肝病学会(EASL)诊断标准

根据大型(1343名患者)前瞻性观察性研究的结果,欧洲肝脏–慢性肝衰竭研究协会(EASL-CLIF)联盟将ACLF定义为在慢性肝硬化基础上(包含代偿期、失代偿期)出现肝功能急性失代偿,并以多器官或系统(包含肝内与肝外)功能衰竭及短期高死亡率为特征(28天死亡率 ≥ 15%)。它纳入了患有急性失代偿性肝硬化和包括肝外器官衰竭的肝硬化患者,并根据器官衰竭的数量,将ACLF患者分为三组,死亡风险逐渐增加:1) ACLF 1级:单一肾衰竭或脑衰竭合并肾功能衰竭、其他单一器官衰竭合并肾或脑衰竭;2) ACLF 2级:两个器官衰竭。3) ACLF 3级:三个或更多器官衰竭 [9] 。然而,该研究的主要研究对象为酒精性肝硬化及HCV相关肝硬化人群,因此该标准不适用于我国慢性乙型肝炎相关的ACLF患者的诊断 [10] 。

2.3. 美国终末期肝病研究联盟(NACSELD)诊断标准

北美终末期肝病研究联盟(NACSELD)基于507名因感染非选择性住院的急性失代偿性肝硬化患者的观察数据,将ACLF定义为急性失代偿(AD)且同时存在两个或多个肝外器官衰竭(肾、脑、循环或呼吸) [11] 。NACSELD的第二项研究在一大群患有急性失代偿性肝硬化(无论是否由感染引起)的患者中验证了ACLF的定义 [12] 。但该定义不包括肝功能和凝血功能的变化,且研究人群主要为酒精性肝硬化及丙型肝炎相关肝硬化患者,国内外较少应用此标准 [11] 。

2.4. 世界胃肠病组织(WGO)诊断标准

2014年,WGO对多个研究学会提出的ACLF定义进行整合,最终达成共识。共识中将ACLF定义为慢性肝病、代偿期肝硬化或失代偿期肝硬化基础上因急性肝功能失代偿所导致的肝衰竭(表现为黄疽和凝血酶原时间延长)以及1个或多个肝外器官衰竭的临床综合征,3个月死亡率高。同时WGO共识将ACLF划分成A型慢性肝病型、B型代偿期肝硬化型、C型失代偿期肝硬化型3个不同类型 [13] 。

2.5. 日本诊断标准

日本肝病人群ACLF的急性诱因主要为酗酒,为了建立适用于日本肝病人群的ACLF诊断标准,日本难治性肝病研究小组进行了一项多中心回顾性研究,于2018年发布了日本的ACLF诊断标准,即:Child-Pugh评分为5~9分的肝硬化患者,在急性损伤下28天内出现严重肝功能恶化(血清总胆红素 ≥ 5.0 mg/dl,凝血酶原活动度 ≤ 40%或国际标准化比值 ≥ 1.5) [14] 。此后在2022年,研究组对501名符合诊断标准的ACLF患者进行了全国性的调查,证实该标准有助于识别急性损伤后不良预后的肝硬化患者。因此,提出将此标准广泛应用于临床实践和临床研究 [15] 。由于日本ACLF诊断标准有待在更多的大型前瞻性队列研究中验证,故目前国际上较少应用。

2.6. COSSH-ACLF诊断标准

中国重症乙型肝炎研究组(COSSH)对中国13个肝脏中心非选择性住院的1322名慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化或严重肝损伤患者进行了一项前瞻性观察性研究,系统描述了HBV相关ACLF患者的临床特征,提出HBV-ACLF是一种在HBV感染引起的慢性肝病(无论是否发生肝硬化)基础上,出现肝功能急性恶化和肝脏或肝外器官衰竭的一组短期高病死率的临床综合征。该标准认为,无论是否存在肝硬化,总胆红素 ≥ 12 mg/dL且国际标准化比值 ≥ 1.5的慢性肝病患者均应诊断为ACLF。该标准诊断出的患有HBV相关ACLF的患者增加了近20%,从而增加了他们接受及时强化治疗的机会 [10] 。

2.7. 中国肝衰竭指南

2006年10月,中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组和中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组制订了我国第一部《肝衰竭诊疗指南》 [16] ,从定义、诱因、分类、诊断和治疗等方面对肝衰竭进行了系统而精要的阐述。分别于2012年及2018年对指南进行了修订 [17] [18] 。最新的2018年肝衰竭指南将ACLF定义为在慢性肝病基础上,由各种诱因引起以急性黄疽加深(血清总胆红素 ≥ 10 × 正常值上限或每日上升 ≥ 17.1 umol/L)、凝血功能障碍[有出血表现,凝血酶原活动度 ≤ 40%或国际标准化比值 ≥ 1.5)为表现的综合征,可合并包括肝性脑病、感染、腹水、电解质紊乱、肝肾综合征、肝肺综合征等并发症,以及肝外器官功能的衰竭。根据不同慢性肝病基础分为3型:A型是在慢性非肝硬化肝病基础上发生的慢加急性肝衰竭;B型是在代偿期肝硬化基础上发生的慢加急性肝衰竭,通常在4周内发生;C型是在失代偿期肝硬化基础上发生的慢加急性肝衰竭。此分型与WGO提出的分型相一致。尽管我国肝衰竭诊疗指南在不断更新,但仍缺乏可靠的循证医学证据。

东西方学者针对急性诱因、慢性肝病基础和器官衰竭类型等方面难以达成共识,其最根本的原因在于病因学差异,亚太地区主要为HBV感染人群,而欧美则以酒精性肝硬化人群为主 [3] [4] ,因此仍需全球多中心、前瞻性、大队列研究来揭示ACLF的临床特征,如诱因、器官衰竭分布和预后等,从而获得全球统一的ACLF定义和诊断标准。

3. ACLF的治疗

目前,ACLF患者尚无特效治疗方法。全身炎症和免疫功能障碍在病情发展中起重要的作用,目前的研究热点主要在于评估免疫疗法的作用,最近的一篇综述总结了这些疗法的作用机制和研究阶段 [19] 。大多数疗法目前尚处于临床前和安全性研究阶段,控制疾病的功效还未完全确定。因此,目前ACLF的治疗原则仍基于支持治疗、相关器官衰竭的及时诊断和治疗、ACLF诱发因素的预防和治疗、并发症的预防和治疗及肝移植等。

3.1. ACLF患者入住重症监护室

ACLF是一种严重的疾病,短期死亡率较高 [9] ,应密切监测,且需要转移至重症监护病房(ICU)。虽然一些患者群体的ICU死亡率仍然很高,但多项研究表明,近年来ICU肝硬化患者的预后有所改善 [20] [21] 。最近的一项荟萃分析表明,入住ICU可以改善肝硬化AD患者的预后,因此应在肝外器官衰竭累积并进展到损害短期生存之前尽快进入ICU [22] 。在最近发表的关于ACLF的EASL临床实践指南中,建议无论是否需要器官支持(血管活性药物、机械通气或肾脏替代治疗),出现大量出血、III-IV级肝性脑病因而无法保护气道或出现感染性休克,患者均应在诊断ACLF后的前6 h内入住ICU [23] 。相对于非肝硬化患者,入住ICU的肝硬化患者的预后很大程度上取决于器官衰竭的存在,因此需使用不同的评分进行分级及预后评估 [24] [25] ,从而及时去调整治疗策略。

3.2. 治疗急性诱因

慢加急性肝硬化的诱发因素尚不明确,在40%~50%的ACLF病例中,全身炎症相关的细菌移位被认为是决定因素;在其他50%的患者中,最常见的诱发因素是脓毒症、饮酒和慢性病毒性肝炎的再激活。

3.2.1. 抗菌治疗

细菌感染是ACLF患者最常见的诱因,会使ACLF病程复杂化并恶化预后。在最近的一项研究中,约37%的ACLF患者在诊断时出现细菌感染。剩下有46%的ACLF患者在接下来的4周内出现了细菌感染 [26] [27] 。对于任何级别ACLF,感染患者的预后均比未感染患者差 [26] 。因此,应在入院时系统地进行病原学检测,包括腹水的微生物学和细胞学检查。同时应迅速启动针对可疑感染部位的经验性抗生素治疗 [28] 。在严重感染或存在多重耐药病原体危险因素的情况下,应首选广谱抗生素。对于无感染的患者,目前尚没有充足证据表明抗生素预防可以预防ACLF患者的感染 [2] [9] 。

3.2.2. 乙型肝炎病毒再激活的治疗

乙型肝炎病毒感染再激活是东方国家ACLF最常见的诱因之一,与高短期死亡率相关。因此,一旦怀疑乙肝病毒再激活,应立即开始口服核苷(酸)类似物治疗 [29] [30] 。不同类型的抗病毒药物在疗效或对死亡率的影响方面没有差异 [31] ,对于HBV相关的ACLF患者,尽管早期启动抗病毒治疗后病情仍较重(例如,MELD评分 ≥ 30分;ACLF 2、3级),特别是在没有早期病毒学应答和缺乏临床改善的情况下,应考虑进行肝移植 [23] 。针对肾功能不全或乳酸酸中毒患者应谨慎使用富马酸替诺福韦二吡呋酯片 [32] 。

3.2.3. 糖皮质激素治疗酒精性肝炎

严重的酒精相关性肝炎是ACLF的常见诱因,患病率在32%至48%之间 [9] [27] [33] 。在未合并感染的患者中,糖皮质激素仍是重症酒精性肝炎的一线治疗药物 [28] [34] [35] 。与没有发生ACLF的患者相比,发生ACLF的患者对糖皮质激素应答的概率较低,为38%和77%。此外,对糖皮质激素有应答的概率随着ACLF等级的升高有所差异,即ACLF 1级、2级和3级分别为52%、42%和8% [33] [36] 。

3.2.4. 急性消化道出血的治疗

胃肠道出血是ACLF常见的诱因之一,尤其是与低血容量休克相关时,它与进一步肝脏失代偿和短期死亡风险增加有关 [37] 。上消化道出血的治疗,无论是静脉曲张还是非静脉曲张,首先包括监测患者生命体征,并维持血流动力学及呼吸稳定。补充容量时,需用晶体液,如有必要,可给予输血(仅限于血红蛋白 < 7 g/dL) [34] [38] 及使用儿茶酚胺等治疗。因为肝硬化患者中高达50%的上消化道出血并非静脉曲张所致,初始推注质子泵抑制剂(PPI)是合理的。然而,如果已证实是单纯的静脉曲张出血,则不需要长期使用质子泵抑制剂(PPI)。对于疑似静脉曲张出血,应立即在内镜检查之前开始使用止血药物(如特利加压素、生长抑素及奥曲肽等)进行治疗。对于确诊的静脉曲张出血患者,持续五天使用上述药物可防止复发性出血 [34] 。对于无TIPS禁忌证的ACLF和静脉曲张出血患者,应考虑预防性和抢救性TIPS [23] 。此外,值得注意的是,约50%的急性食管静脉曲张出血患者存在细菌感染,并且常常是出血的诱因 [39] 。因此消化道出血的患者应立即给予抗生素治疗,疗程一般为7天,因为它可以改善出血和提高生存率,并与降低再出血率相关。

3.3. 器官衰竭的治疗

当患者对液体复苏反应不充分时,应尽快考虑使用血管加压药,以防止进一步的器官损伤。去甲肾上腺素因其良好的安全性而被认为是ACLF患者开始使用的一线血管加压药 [5] 。在肝肾综合征患者群体中,持续输注特利加压素可被视为一线治疗药物 [34] 。呼吸衰竭并有呼吸支持的指征时应立即启动呼吸支持,尽可能首选使用无创机械通气。然而,在危重情况下(即West Haven III级或IV级肝性脑病或任何需要保护气道的情况)应考虑气管插管。肾衰竭应根据现行指南进行诊断和治疗 [34] ,包括肝肾综合征患者血浆容量扩张、停用利尿剂、使用特利加压素和使用白蛋白。在ACLF等级较高的患者中,特利加压素和白蛋白效果较差 [40] 。对于有严重代谢性酸中毒、肺水肿、尿毒症并发症和严重电解质紊乱的患者,应尽早考虑肾脏替代治疗(RRT) [41] 。循环衰竭的患者不应常规输注新鲜冰冻血浆、血小板或纤维蛋白原。对于没有严重凝血功能障碍的患者,应考虑预防深静脉血栓形成 [42] 。脑衰竭是根据肝性脑病(HE)分级的严重程度来定义的,应针对肝性脑病的诱因进行治疗,例如感染、消化道出血、容量不足等。然而,如果患者对肝性脑病相关的治疗没有达到预期的反应,需排查非肝性脑病原因所致精神状态改变 [43] 。肾上腺功能不全失代偿性肝硬化和ACLF患者中很常见,是肝脏疾病本身的一个特征,因此对于休克和对升压药治疗反应差的患者,可以使用激素治疗。但是,如果患者发生不受控制的感染,应避免使用激素 [23] 。

3.4. 体外人工肝支持治疗

体外人工肝支持系统能在短时间内改善机体的内环境和全身状况,减轻肝脏或其他器官的进一步损伤,为肝脏自我再生和恢复创造条件 [44] 。Xiao等对我国多中心790例慢性乙肝病毒相关的ACLF患者资料进行分析,发现与标准化内科治疗比较,人工肝支持治疗能提高患者的短期生存率(28 d:59.0%比65.2%;90 d:42.3%比51.0%),并降低血清胆红素水平和MELD评分 [45] 。该研究认为人工肝支持治疗对中国HBV-ACLF患者具有较好的治疗效果,主要表现为可有效清除血浆中的有毒物质、纠正凝血功能紊乱和减轻肾功能衰竭的程度。Qcskay等 [46] 对16篇临床试验进行系统评价时发现,与标准化的内科治疗相比,人工肝支持治疗可提高ACLF患者3个月的总体生存率。因此作者提出,人工肝支持治疗尤其是血浆置换,可能是ACLF患者目前最佳的治疗选择。尽管如此,在最新的EASL诊疗指南里,除研究性试验之外,不推荐ACLF常规使用人工或生物人工体外肝支持治疗 [23] 。

3.5. 肝移植

尽管越来越多的证据支持ACLF患者进行肝移植 [28] ,但这仍然是一个有争议的问题。肝移植在ACLF中的生存获益已得到充分证实,1级ACLF患者肝移植后的1年生存率为82%,2级ACLF患者为86%,3级ACLF患者为79%~84% [47] [48] [49] [50] 。鉴于非肝移植的ACLF患者的短期预后较差,这些数据有力地支持了肝移植作为ACLF患者的治疗策略。但有关3级ACLF患者肝移植的研究表明,3级ACLF肝移植患者术后出现胆道并发症、感染以及需要更长的ICU住院时间、延长插管和肾脏替代治疗等各种并发症的风险较高 [51] 。此外,对当前针对ACLF移植的研究大多是回顾性的,缺乏大量前瞻性研究,且由于供肝来源紧张、肝移植费用昂贵、操作复杂及术后排斥等因素,肝移植的应用受到相当程度的限制。

4. 结论

ACLF是一种复杂的临床病症,它具有短期高病死率特点,病情进展迅速,早期诊断及干预至关重要,它的定义及其诊断标准存在地域差异,不仅给临床医生诊治ACLF带来困惑,也不利于ACLF的研究发展。未来需制定全球公认的ACLF定义,开发更准确的早期预警和预后评估方法,探索新的治疗方法,以期最终提高ACLF患者生存率及生活质量。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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