一种基于元学习的稀疏孔径ISAR成像算法

夏靖远; 杨志雄; 周治兴; 廖淮璋; 张双辉; 付耀文

doi:10.12000/JR23121

一种基于元学习的稀疏孔径ISAR成像算法

doi: 10.12000/JR23121

国防科学技术大学长沙 410073

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62171448, 61921001, 62131020, 62022091)，湖南省杰出青年基金(2022JJ10067)

详细信息

作者简介:
夏靖远，博士，讲师，研究方向为非凸优化、机器学习、表征学习

杨志雄，博士生，研究方向为图像处理、信号处理技术

周治兴，硕士生，研究方向为图像处理、信号处理技术

廖淮璋，博士生，研究方向为图像生成、多模态数据融合

张双辉，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，研究方向为雷达成像、压缩感知、贝叶斯推断

付耀文，博士，研究员，博士生导师，研究方向为雷达信号处理、信息融合技术

通讯作者:
杨志雄 yzx21@nudt.edu.cn

张双辉 zhangshuanghui@nudt.edu.cn

责任主编：张磊 Corresponding Editor: ZHANG Lei
中图分类号: TN957.51
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-07-05
- 修回日期: 2023-08-10
- 网络出版日期: 2023-08-22
- 刊出日期: 2023-08-28

A Metalearning-based Sparse Aperture ISAR Imaging Method

National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62171448, 61921001, 62131020, 62022091), Distinguished Youth Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ10067)

More Information

Corresponding author: YANG Zhixiong, yzx21@nudt.edu.cn; ZHANG Shuanghui, zhangshuanghui@nudt.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 稀疏孔径逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像的目标是从不完整的回波中恢复和重建高质量ISAR图像，现有方法主要可以分为基于模型的方法和基于深度学习的方法两大类：一方面，基于模型的稀疏孔径ISAR成像方法往往具备显性的数学模型，对雷达回波的成像过程有清晰的物理建模，但算法有效性上不如基于学习的方法。另一方面，基于深度学习的方法通常高度依赖训练数据，难以适配空间目标ISAR成像任务中高实时、高动态的现实应用需求。针对上述问题，该文提出了一种基于元学习的高效、自适应稀疏孔径ISAR成像算法。所提方法主要包含基于学习辅助的交替迭代优化和元学习优化两部分。基于学习辅助的交替迭代优化继承了ISAR成像机理的回波成像模型，保证了方法数学物理可解释性的同时避免了方法对数据的依赖性；基于元学习的优化策略通过引入非贪婪优化策略，提高了算法跳出局部最优解的能力，保证了病态非凸条件下的算法收敛性能。最后，实验结果表明：该文方法可以在不依赖训练数据、不进行预训练的情况下实现高效、自适应的稀疏孔径ISAR成像，并取得优于其他常规ISAR成像算法的性能。
- 逆合成孔径雷达 /
- 稀疏孔径ISAR成像 /
- 学习辅助 /
- 非凸优化 /
- 元学习
Abstract: Sparse Aperture-Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (SA-ISAR) imaging methods aim to reconstruct high-quality ISAR images from the corresponding incomplete ISAR echoes. The existing SA-ISAR imaging methods can be roughly divided into two categories: model-based and deep learning-based methods. Model-based SA-ISAR methods comprise physical ISAR imaging models based on explicit mathematical formulations. However, due to the high nonconvexity and ill-posedness of the SA-ISAR problem, model-based methods are often ineffective compared with deep learning-based methods. Meanwhile, the performance of the existing deep learning-based methods depends on the quality and quantity of the training data, which are neither sufficient nor precisely labeled in space target SA-ISAR imaging tasks. To address these issues, we propose a metalearning-based SA-ISAR imaging method for space target ISAR imaging tasks. The proposed method comprises two primary modules: the learning-aided alternating minimization module and the metalearning-based optimization module. The learning-aided alternating minimization module retains the explicit ISAR imaging formulations, guaranteeing physical interpretability without data dependency. The metalearning-based optimization module incorporates a non-greedy strategy to enhance convergence performance, ensuring the ability to escape from poor local modes during optimization. Extensive experiments validate that the proposed algorithm demonstrates superior performance, excellent generalization capability, and high efficiency, despite the lack of prior training or access to labeled training samples, compared to existing methods.
- Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) /
- Sparse Aperture-ISAR (SA-ISAR) imaging /
- Learning aided /
- Non-convex optimization /
- Meta-learning

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图 1 ISAR雷达观测模型

Figure 1. General ISAR imaging scenario

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 本文方法网络结构示意图

Figure 2. The network architecture of the proposed method

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 不同ISAR成像方法在仿真数据上的可视化对比结果

Figure 3. The visual imaging results on the of the simulated ISAR data

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 不同ISAR成像方法在实测数据上的可视化对比结果(稀疏率为0.25)

Figure 4. The visual imaging results on the of the real ISAR data (sparsity rate 0.25)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 不同ISAR成像方法在实测数据上的可视化对比结果(稀疏率为0.125)

Figure 5. The visual imaging results on the of the real ISAR data (sparsity rate 0.125)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 消融实验成像结果

Figure 6. The visual results of the ablation studies of the proposed method

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

1 一种基于元学习的稀疏孔径ISAR成像算法

1. A meta-learning based sparse aperture ISAR imaging method

1 给定：稀疏孔径一维距离像S
2 初始化：网络输入$ {\boldsymbol{Z}}_{\boldsymbol{X}}^{\mathrm{0,0}} $，网络参数$ {\boldsymbol{\theta }}_{\boldsymbol{X}}^{\mathrm{0,0}} $。
3 for $ k\leftarrow \mathrm{0,1},\cdots ,K $ do
4 　 for $ t\leftarrow \mathrm{0,1},\cdots ,T $ do
5 　　 ${\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)}={ {{G} } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }\left({\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)},{\boldsymbol{\theta } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{\left(k\right)}\right)$
6 　　 ${\mathcal{L} }_{ {\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} } }^{(k,t)}={\left\\|\boldsymbol{S}-\boldsymbol{D}\boldsymbol{F}{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)}\right\\|}_{{\rm{F}}}^{2}+\beta {\left\\|{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)}\right\\|}_{1}$
7 　　 ${\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t+1)}={\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)}-{\gamma }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)}\cdot {\rm{Adam}}\left({\nabla }_{ {\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)} }{\mathcal{L} }_{ {\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} } }^{(k,t)}\right)$
8 　 end 　9 　${\mathcal{L} }_{ {\rm{meta} } }^{\left(k\right)}=\displaystyle\sum _{t=1}^{T}\left\{ {\left\\|\boldsymbol{S}-\boldsymbol{D}\boldsymbol{F}\cdot { { {G} } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }\left({\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)},{\boldsymbol{\theta } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{\left(k\right)}\right)\right\\|}_{{\rm{F}}}^{2}\right.$ 　　　　　　　$\left. +\beta {\left\\|{ {{G} } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }\left({\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k,t)},{\boldsymbol{\theta } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{\left(k\right)}\right)\right\\|}_{1}\right\}$
10 ${\boldsymbol{\theta } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(k+1)}={\boldsymbol{\theta } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{\left(k\right)}-{\gamma }_{{\rm{meta}}}^{\left(k\right)}\cdot {\rm{Adam}}\left({\nabla }_{ {\boldsymbol{\theta } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{\left(k\right)} }{\mathcal{L} }_{{\rm{meta}}}^{\left(k\right)}\right)$
11 $ {\boldsymbol{Z}}_{\boldsymbol{X}}^{(k+1, 0)}={\boldsymbol{Z}}_{\boldsymbol{X}}^{(k,T)} $
12 end
13 输出：${\boldsymbol{X} }^{(K,T)}={ {{G} } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }\left({\boldsymbol{Z} }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{(K,T)},{\boldsymbol{\theta } }_{\boldsymbol{X} }^{\left(K\right)}\right)$

下载: 导出CSV

表 1 不同方法在仿真ISAR数据集上的平均成像性能对比(稀疏率为0.250)

Table 1. The average imaging results on the of the simulated ISAR data (sparsity rate 0.250)

方法	图像熵	PSNR (dB)	RMSE
RD	7.9480	42.8314	0.0399
OMP^[4]	5.4987	51.8950	0.0157
ADMM^[5]	6.5838	47.5709	0.0279
CU-ADMM^[19]	5.3921	52.1766	0.0152
本文方法	5.1500	52.9602	0.0143

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 不同方法在仿真ISAR数据集上的平均成像性能对比(稀疏率为0.125)

Table 2. The average imaging results on the of the simulated ISAR data (sparsity rate 0.125)

方法	图像熵	PSNR (dB)	RMSE
RD	8.1476	39.3011	0.0601
OMP^[4]	5.2914	50.7518	0.0183
ADMM^[5]	6.7848	49.2835	0.0305
CU-ADMM^[19]	5.1443	50.9706	0.0160
本文方法	5.1143	51.2460	0.0155

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 不同方法在实测ISAR数据集上的平均成像性能对比(稀疏率为0.250)

Table 3. The average imaging results on the of the real ISAR data (sparsity rate 0.250)

方法	图像熵	PSNR (dB)	RMSE
RD	8.1580	42.8314	0.0399
OMP^[4]	7.1056	45.4546	0.0206
ADMM^[5]	7.3240	46.5275	0.0190
CU-ADMM^[19]	7.6493	45.8863	0.0203
本文方法	6.5321	46.6457	0.0186

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 不同方法在实测ISAR数据集上的平均成像性能对比(稀疏率为0.125)

Table 4. The average imaging results on the of the real ISAR data (sparsity rate 0.125)

方法	图像熵	PSNR (dB)	RMSE
RD	8.3827	39.3977	0.0428
OMP^[4]	5.6028	46.7221	0.0184
ADMM^[5]	4.1690	46.2111	0.0195
CU-ADMM^[19]	4.1630	46.3399	0.0192
本文方法	4.1035	47.2370	0.0171

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 本文方法中元学习优化的消融实验

Table 5. The ablation studies of the proposed method

稀疏率	方法	图像熵	PSNR (dB)	RMSE
0.250	本文方法	5.1500	52.9602	0.0143
0.250	无元学习模块	5.5986	51.2857	0.0191
0.125	本文方法	5.1143	51.2460	0.0174
0.125	无元学习模块	5.2697	50.3675	0.0206

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 5种方法的计算复杂度对比

Table 6. The computational complexity comparison of five methods

方法	计算复杂度	训练时间(h)	测试时间(s)
RD	${\mathcal{O} }\left({ {{M} } }^{2}\right)$	无	$ < $1.0
OMP^[4]	${\mathcal{O} }\left({{K} }{ {{M} } }^{2}\right)$	无	4.4
ADMM^[5]	${\mathcal{O} }\left({{K} }{ {{M} } }^{3}\right)$	无	1.6
CU-ADMM^[19]	${\mathcal{O} }\left({{K} }{ {{M} } }^{3}\right)$	2	$ < $1.0
本文方法	${\mathcal{O} }\left({{K} }{ {{M} } }^{2}{{N} }{\displaystyle\sum }_{l=1}^{L}{ {{C} } }_{l}{ {{C} } }_{l+1}\right)$	无	18.4

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