Subsistence strategies of people from Chawuhu Culture in the middle of Tianshan Mountains: A case study of Mohuchahan site from Hejing County, Xinjiang
-
摘要:
察吾呼文化是青铜时代晚期至早期铁器时代新疆天山中部地区一支非常重要的考古学文化类型, 尽管发现和发掘的该文化遗存较多, 但针对该文化人群的生业模式的研究尚待深入。本研究选取了位于天山南麓中部的和静县莫呼查汗墓地以及遗址出土的人和动物骨骼材料进行碳氮稳定同位素分析, 以揭示距今约3000年前该区域居民的食谱构成和生业模式形态。分析结果显示, 人和动物骨骼的氮同位素平均值分别为12.6±0.6‰ (n=9)和5.0±2.1‰ (n=20), 表明上述人群食谱中包含了大量动物蛋白, 碳同位素平均值分别为-18.2±0.7‰ (n=9)和-18.6±1.0‰ (n=20), 证实该人群植物性食物摄入以C3占绝对优势。结合莫呼查汗遗址和墓地所处环境以及墓葬中陪葬器物的种类和组合, 本研究认为该遗址居民生计模式以放牧为主, 羊等动物资源可能构成了其主要的食物来源, 食谱中少量的植物性食物, 尤其是C4来源食物可能来自与山谷外从事粟黍种植的人群的交换所得。结合周边其他察吾呼文化遗址的生计相关研究, 本文认为该文化体系内人群依各自所生活的环境不同发展出了不同的生态适应策略。
Abstract:Chawuhu Culture is a very important archaeological cultural type in the Central Tianshan Mountains region of Xinjiang from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. Although many cultural relics have been found and excavated, the research on the livelihood of this cultural group needs to be further studied. In this study, human and animal bone materials unearthed from Mohuchahan site(42°29'20″N, 85°22'48″E; 2289 m a. s. l.), Hejing County, central Xinjiang, were selected for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, and the diet construction and subsistence strategy of residents in this area about 3000 years ago were revealed. The analysis shows that the average value of nitrogen isotope of human bones is 12.6±0.6‰ (n=9), of faunal bones, it's 5.0±2.1‰ (n=20), indicating that the diet of the Mohuchahan occupants contains a large amount of animal protein, and the average value of carbon isotope for human is -18.2±0.7‰ (n=9), while for fauna, it is -18.6±1.0‰ (n=20), which proves that the natural vegetation is mainly C3, and C3 is the absolute advantage of plant food intake in this population. Combined with the now cold, dry and windy environment of Mohuchahan site, as well as the types and combinations of funerary objects, bronze weapons and harness account for an important proportion of which, found in the tombs, this study believes that the livelihood of the residents of the site is mainly animal husbandry, sheep/goats, horses and other animal resources may constitute the main food source, and a small amount of plant food especially the trace C4-resourced food in the diet of some individuals may have come from sites outside the valley, where there are people engaged in crop cultivation. Combined with the result of subsistence studies of other Chawuhu Cultural sites nearby, this paper believes that the people in this cultural system have developed different ecological adaptation strategies according to their living environment, altitude may have played a key role. Not only was this pattern observed among Chawuhu cultural people living in the middle of Tianshan Mountains, but also the prehistoric populations occupying along the Tianshan Mountains from west to east.
-
Key words:
- central Tianshan Mountains /
- bone stable isotopes /
- Chawuhu Culture /
- husbandry /
- ecological adaptation
-
-
图 1
(a) 天山沿线已发表同位素食谱重建的遗址分布和(b)进行过植物考古工作的遗址分布
Figure 1.
(a)Archaeological sites which have done isotopic(with purple star represents the location of Vrümchi, black dot represents this study and the blue ones published data, including sites of Kalasu[33], Qiongkeke[18], Jirentaigoukou[26, 33], Tangbalesayi[33], Shihuyao[33], Yanghai[22], Shichengzi[28~29], Liushugou[31], Dongheigou[21, 24], Heigouliang[19, 25], Yanbulake[17], Wupu[33], Aisikexiaernan[30], Tianshanbeilu[20, 27, 32] and Duogang[23])and (b) archaeobotanical studies along Tianshan Mts., including sites of Adunqiaolu[48, 53], Jirentaigoukou[26, 51], Mohuchahangoukou[47], Chawuhugoukou[35], Xintala[39], Saensayi[40], Yuergou[41], Luanzanggangzi[38, 45], Shichengzi[28~29], Subeixi[37], Yanghai[36], Shengjindian[43], Liushugou[31], Shirenzigou[46, 52], Heigouliang[25], Aisikexiaernan[49] and Wupu[54]
图 4
莫呼查汗遗址人和动物骨骼碳氮稳定同位素组成
Figure 4.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of human and faunal bones from Mohuchahan site
图 5
天山沿线已发表的羊骨(a)和马骨(b)碳氮同位素比值
Figure 5.
Carbon and nitrogen isotopes of (a) sheep/goats and (b) horse bones from sites along Tianshan Mts.
图 6
莫呼查汗墓地(蓝色实心方点)与新疆天山沿线已发表人骨稳定同位素(其他颜色误差棒)对比
Figure 6.
Comparison between human bone isotopic results of Mohuchahan(blue square dots)and other published ones(error bars of the other colors)along Tianshan Mts.
表 1
莫呼查汗遗址和墓地骨骼碳氮元素和同位素组成
Table 1.
Elemental and isotopic results of carbon and nitrogen of bones from Mohuchahan site
样品
来源种属 采样
部位骨胶原
产率(%)δ13C
(‰)δ15N
(‰)C
(%)N
(%)C/N ⅠM154 人 跗骨 11.24 -18.7 13.0 45.87 16.85 3.2 ⅠM161 人 下颌 13.01 -18.6 12.5 46.50 16.91 3.2 ⅠM163 人 掌骨 8.09 -18.9 12.8 45.04 16.48 3.2 ⅡM2 人 头骨 16.05 -16.6 12.0 45.69 16.60 3.2 ⅠM165 人 肩胛骨 9.44 -17.9 11.6 45.19 16.54 3.2 ⅠM168 人 掌骨 12.66 -18.5 12.4 45.40 16.64 3.2 ⅠM170 人 指骨 12.17 -18.4 13.4 44.93 16.42 3.2 ⅠM169 人 上颌 8.42 -18.3 13.4 45.80 16.74 3.2 ⅡM1 人 下颌 5.56 -18.0 12.0 44.69 16.18 3.2 ⅠM154 羊 肋骨 6.90 -19.2 5.3 45.10 16.33 3.2 ⅠM165 羊 胫骨 8.81 -18.7 4.5 45.09 16.57 3.2 ⅡM2 羊 下颌 11.55 -17.0 6.9 45.67 16.64 3.2 ⅠM168 羊 骶骨 4.51 -17.0 6.3 44.38 16.08 3.2 ⅠM170 羊 腰椎 7.88 -18.4 7.2 46.80 17.01 3.2 F1 羊 下颌 12.44 -18.6 6.3 44.64 16.25 3.2 F2 羊 距骨 9.79 -18.4 7.2 45.27 16.35 3.2 F3 羊 胫骨 10.52 -19.1 5.8 45.31 16.40 3.2 F4 羊 肋骨 9.10 -17.9 5.1 45.52 16.54 3.2 F4 羊 肩胛骨 15.00 -17.4 5.2 45.50 16.62 3.2 F4 羊 距骨 3.10 -18.0 5.9 44.38 15.78 3.3 F5 羊 肋骨 12.10 -18.9 4.7 45.39 16.36 3.2 F5 羊 盆骨 10.98 -18.2 3.9 45.38 16.30 3.2 F1 马 趾骨 13.20 -18.5 6.1 45.38 16.30 3.2 F2 马 趾骨 9.57 -18.2 5.6 44.70 16.14 3.2 F4 马 下颌 11.22 -19.7 7.4 45.18 16.48 3.2 F4 马 趾骨 11.33 -18.8 4.4 45.00 16.25 3.2 F1 黄鼠 头骨 3.85 -21.0 0.9 42.40 15.29 3.2 F2 旱獭 下颌 7.65 -19.6 0.2 44.57 16.23 3.2 F3 旱獭 下颌 10.51 -20.4 1.4 44.01 16.12 3.2 
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] Chang C. Rethinking Prehistoric Central Asia: Shepherds, Farmers, and Nomads[M]. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2018: 1-160.
[2] Yao J, Hu W, Chen Y, et al. Hydro-climatic changes and their impacts on vegetation in Xinjiang, Central Asia[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 660: 724-732. doi. org/10.1016/j. scitotenv. 2019.01.084. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.084
[3] Chen H, Liu H, Chen X, et al. Analysis on impacts of hydro-climatic changes and human activities on available water changes in Central Asia[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 737: 139779. doi. org/10.1016/j. scitotenv. 2020.139779. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139779
[4] 安成邦, 王伟, 段阜涛, 等. 亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线环境演化与东西方文化交流[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72 (5): 875-891. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB201705010.htm
An Chengbang, Wang Wei, Duan Futao, et al. Environmental changes and cultural exchange between East and West along the Silk Road in arid Central Asia[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72 (5): 875-891. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB201705010.htm
[5] 韩建业. 新疆的青铜时代和早期铁器时代文化[M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 2007: 1-123.
Han Jianye. Bronze Age and early Iron Age cultures in Xinjiang[M]. Beijing: Cultural Relic Publishing House, 2007: 1-123.
[6] 肖琪琪, 胡兴军, 阿里甫, 等. 新疆洛浦县比孜里墓地出土食物遗存的科技分析[J]. 第四纪研究, 2020, 40 (2): 441-449. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.14
Xiao Qiqi, Hu Xingjun, Alip, et al. Investigation of the food remain from Bizili cemetery found in Luopu County, Xinjiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2020, 40 (2): 441-449. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.14
[7] 刘依, 刘露雨, 张曼, 等. 新疆萨恩萨伊和洋海墓地不同时代人口规模估算初探[J]. 第四纪研究, 2021, 41 (1): 267-275. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.24
Liu Yi, Liu Luyu, Zhang Man, et al. A preliminary study on the estimation of the population size of Saensayi and Yanghai sites in Xinjiang in different times[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2021, 41 (1): 267-275. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.24
[8] 侯亮亮, 魏东, Richards P Michael. 磁县南城墓地先商文化时期人群来源多元化的锶同位素证据[J]. 第四纪研究, 2021, 41 (1): 235-246. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.21
Hou Liangliang, Wei Dong, Richards P Michael. Diversification origins of the populations from the Nancheng cemetery during proto-Shang culture(ca. 2000-1600 BC)evidenced by strontium isotope analysis[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2021, 41 (1): 235-246. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.21
[9] 安成邦, 张曼, 王伟, 等. 新疆地理环境特征以及农牧格局的形成[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2020, 50 (2): 295-304. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK202002011.htm
An Chengbang, Zhang Man, Wang Wei, et al. The pattern of Xinjiang physical geography and its relationship with the temporal spatial distribution of agriculture and husbandry[J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2020, 50 (2): 295-304. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK202002011.htm
[10] 邵会秋. 新疆史前时期文化格局的演进及其与周邻文化的关系[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2018: 1-430.
Shao Huiqiu. The Evolution of Cultural Patterns in Prehistoric Xinjiang and Their Relationship with Surrounding Cultures[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2018: 1-430.
[11] Li Y Q. Agriculture and palaeoeconomy in prehistoric Xinjiang, China(3000-200 BC)[J]. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2021, 30: 287-303. doi. org/10.1007/s00334-020-00774-2. doi: 10.1007/s00334-020-00774-2
[12] Jiang Y, Chen Y, Zhao Y, et al. Analysis on changes of basic climatic elements and extreme events in Xinjiang, China during 1961-2010[J]. Advances in Climate Change Research, 2013, 4 (1): 20-29.
[13] Lee-Thorp J A. On isotopes and old bones[J]. Archaeometry, 2008, 50 (6): 925-950. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00441.x
[14] Makarewicz C A, Sealy J. Dietary reconstruction, mobility, and the analysis of ancient skeletal tissues: Expanding the prospects of stable isotope research in archaeology[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2015, 56: 146-58. doi. org/10.1016/j. jas. 2015.02.035. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.035
[15] Hu Y W. Thirty-four years of stable isotopic analyses of ancient skeletons in China: An overview, progress and prospects[J]. Archaeometry, 2018, 60 (1): 144-156. doi: 10.1111/arcm.12367
[16] Richards M. Isotope analysis for diet studies[M]//Richards M P, Britton K eds. Archaeological Science: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020: 125-143.
[17] 张雪莲, 王金霞, 冼自强, 等. 古人类食物结构研究[J]. 考古, 2003, (2): 62-75. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU200302009.htm
Zhang Xuelian, Wang Jinxia, Xian Ziqiang, et al. Stable isotopic study of paleodiet[J]. Archaeology, 2003, (2): 62-75. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU200302009.htm
[18] 张全超, 李溯源. 新疆尼勒克县穷科克一号墓地古代居民的食物结构分析[J]. 西域研究, 2006, (4): 78-81. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4743.2006.04.011
Zhang Quanchao, Li Suyuan. Stable isotopic analysis on human bones from Qiongkeke cemetery one of Nileke, Xinjiang[J]. The Western Regions Studies, 2006, (4): 78-81. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4743.2006.04.011
[19] 张全超, 常喜恩, 刘国瑞. 新疆巴里坤县黑沟梁墓地出土人骨的食性分析[J]. 西域研究, 2009, (3): 328-333. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ200903008.htm
Zhang Quanchao, Chang Xi'en, Liu Guorui. Stable isotopic analysis on human bones from Heigouliang cemetery from Balikun, Xinjiang[J]. The Western Regions Studies, 2009, (3): 328-333. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ200903008.htm
[20] 张全超, 常喜恩, 刘国瑞. 新疆哈密天山北路墓地出土人骨的稳定同位素分析[J]. 西域研究, 2010, (2): 38-43. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ201002008.htm
Zhang Quanchao, Chang Xi'en, Liu Guorui. Stable isotopic analysis on human bones from Tianshanbeilu cemetery of Hami, Xinjiang[J]. The Western Regions Studies, 2010, (2): 38-43. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ201002008.htm
[21] 凌雪, 陈曦, 王建新, 等. 新疆巴里坤东黑沟遗址出土人骨的碳氮同位素分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2013, 32 (2): 219-225. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RLXB201302009.htm
Ling Xue, Chen Xi, Wang Jianxin, et al. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of human bones from Dongheigou site of Balikun, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Anthropological Sinica, 2013, 32 (2): 219-225. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RLXB201302009.htm
[22] 司艺, 吕恩国, 李肖, 等. 新疆洋海墓地先民的食物结构及人群组成探索[J]. 科学通报, 2013, 58 (15): 1422-1429. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB201315009.htm
Si Yi, Lü Enguo, Li Xiao, et al. Exploration of human diets and populations from the Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58 (15): 1422~1429 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB201315009.htm
[23] 张雪莲, 仇士华, 张君, 等. 新疆多岗墓地出土人骨的碳氮稳定同位素分析[J]. 南方文物, 2014, (3): 79-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6275.2014.03.016
Zhang Xuelian, Qiu Shihua, Zhang Jun, et al. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of human bones from Duogang cemetery, Xinjiang[J]. Cultural Relics in Southern China, 2014, (3): 79-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6275.2014.03.016
[24] 凌雪, 兰栋, 陈曦, 等. 新疆巴里坤东黑沟遗址出土动物骨骼的碳氮同位素分析[J]. 西部考古, 2016, (2): 289-299.
Ling Xue, Lan Dong, Chen Xi, et al. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of faunal bones from Dongheigou site of Balikun, Xinjiang[J]. Western Archaeology, 2016, (2): 289-299.
[25] Wang T T, Fuller B T, Wei D, et al. Investigating dietary patterns with stable isotope ratios of collagen and starch grain analysis of dental calculus at the Iron Age cemetery site of Heigouliang, Xinjiang, China[J]. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2016, 26 (4): 693-704. doi: 10.1002/oa.2467
[26] Wang W, Wang Y, An C, et al. Human diet and subsistence strategies from the late Bronze Age to historic times at Goukou, Xinjiang, NW China[J]. The Holocene, 2018, 28 (4): 240-250.
[27] Wang T T, Wei D, Chang X, et al. Tianshanbeilu and the isotopic millet road: Reviewing the late Neolithic/Bronze Age radiation of human millet consumption from North China to Europe[J]. National Science Review, 2019, 6 (5): 1024-1039. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwx015
[28] Sheng P F, Storozum M, Tian X H, et al. Foodways on the Han Dynasty's western frontier: Archeobotanical and isotopic investigations at Shichengzi, Xinjiang, China[J]. The Holocene, 2020, 30 (8): 1174-1185. doi: 10.1177/0959683620913916
[29] 王伟, 段阜涛, 杨继帅, 等. 植硅体与稳定同位素分析揭示的新疆汉代驻军多样的农作物利用策略[J]. 第四纪研究, 2020, 40 (2): 428-440. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.13
Wang Wei, Duan Futao, Yang Jishuai, et al. The diversified utilization of crops by Xinjiang Han Dynasty garrison revealed by phytolith and stable isotope analysis[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2020, 40 (2): 428-440. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.13
[30] 董惟妙. 哈密盆地史前居民食谱[M]. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 2021: 1-336.
Dong Weimiao. Diet of Prehistoric Residents of the Hami Basin[M]. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2021: 1-336.
[31] Dong W M, An C B, Wang Y Q, et al. Bone collagen stable isotope analysis of a Bronze Age site of Liushugou and its implication for subsistence strategy in arid Northwest China[J]. The Holocene, 2021, 31 (2): 194-202. doi: 10.1177/0959683620970259
[32] Tong J Y, Ma J, Li W Y, et al. Chronology of the Tianshanbeilu cemetery in Xinjiang, Northwestern China[J]. Radiocarbon, 2021, 63 (1): 343-356. doi: 10.1017/RDC.2020.96
[33] Wang W, Liu Y, Duan F, et al. A comprehensive investigation of Bronze Age human dietary strategies from different altitudinal environments in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2021, 121: 105201. doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105201. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105201
[34] 安家媛, 袁靖. 新疆和静县察吾乎沟口一、三号墓地动物骨骼研究报告[J]. 考古, 1998, (7): 63-67. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU199807009.htm
An Jiayuan, Yuan Jing. Study report of animal bones from Chawuhugoukou cemetery one and three, Hejing, Xinjiang[J]. Archaeology, 1998, (7): 63-67. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU199807009.htm
[35] 于喜风. 察吾呼文化墓葬出土陶容器内残存食物的研究鉴定[M]//新疆文物考古研究所编. 新疆察吾呼——大型氏族墓地发掘报告. 北京: 东方出版社, 1999: 413-415.
Yu Xifeng. Identification of food residue from pots of Chawuhu cultural cemetery[M]//Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang ed. Chawuhu of Xinjiang—Archaeological Report of A Huge Family Cemetery. Beijing: Oriental Publishing House, 1999: 413-415.
[36] 蒋洪恩, 李肖, 李承森. 新疆吐鲁番洋海墓地出土的粮食作物及其古环境意义[J]. 古地理学报, 2007, 9 (5): 551-558. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1505.2007.05.012
Jiang Hongen, Li Xiao, Li Chengsen. Cereal remains from Yanghai cemetery in Turpan, Xinjiang and their paleoenvironmental significance[J]. Journal of Paleogeography, 2007, 9 (5): 551-558. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1505.2007.05.012
[37] Gong Y W, Yang Y M, Ferguson D K, et al. Investigation of ancient noodles, cakes, and millet at the Subeixi site, Xinjiang, China[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2011, 38 (2): 470-479. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.006
[38] Jia P W, Betts A, Wu X. New evidence for Bronze Age agricultural settlements in the Zhunge'er(Junggar)Basin, China[J]. Journal of Field Archaeology, 2011, 36 (4): 269-280. doi: 10.1179/009346911X13140904382057
[39] 赵克良, 李小强, 周新郢, 等. 新疆新塔拉遗址农业活动特征及其影响的植物指标记录[J]. 第四纪研究, 2012, 32 (2): 219-225. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2012.02.06 http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/id/dsjyj_10588
Zhao Keliang, Li Xiaoqiang, Zhou Xinying, et al. Characteristics of agricultural activities and its impact on the environment at Xintala site, Xinjiang, reconstructed from archaeological plant remains[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2012, 32 (2): 219-225. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2012.02.06 http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/id/dsjyj_10588
[40] 贾伟明. 萨恩萨伊墓地淀粉残留物分析报告[M]//新疆文物考古研究所编. 新疆萨恩萨伊墓地. 北京: 文物出版社, 2013: 224-235.
Jia Weiming. Study report of starch residue from Saensayi cemetery[M]//Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang ed. Saensayi Cemetery of Xinjiang. Beijing: Cultural Relic Publishing House, 2013: 224-235.
[41] Jiang H E, Wu Y, Wang H, et al. Ancient plant use at the site of Yuergou, Xinjiang, China: Implications from desiccated and charred plant remains[J]. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2013, 22 (2): 129-140. doi: 10.1007/s00334-012-0365-z
[42] 尤悦, 王建新, 赵欣, 等. 新疆石人子沟遗址出土双峰驼的动物考古学研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2014, 34 (1): 173-186. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2014.01.21 http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2014.21
You Yue, Wang Jianxin, Zhao Xin, et al. A zooarchaeological research on bactrian camel bones in the Shirenzigou site, Xinjiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2014, 34 (1): 173-186. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2014.01.21 http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2014.21
[43] Jiang H E, Zhang Y, Lü E G, et al. Archaeobotanical evidence of plant utilization in the ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: A case study at the Shengjindian cemetery[J]. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2015, 24: 165-177. doi. org/10.1007/s00334-014-0495-6. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0495-6
[44] 尤悦, 吕鹏, 王建新, 等. 新疆地区家养绵羊的出现及早期利用[J]. 考古, 2016, (12): 104-114. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU201612010.htm
You Yue, Lü Peng, Wang Jianxin, et al. The appearance and early exploitation of domestic sheep in Xinjiang[J]. Archaeology, 2016, (12): 104-114. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU201612010.htm
[45] Zhang J P, Lu H Y, Jia P W, et al. Cultivation strategies at the ancient Luanzagangzi settlement on the easternmost Eurasian steppe during the late Bronze Age[J]. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2017, 26: 505-512. doi. org/10.1007/s00334-017-0608-0. doi: 10.1007/s00334-017-0608-0
[46] Tian D, Ma J, Wang J X, et al. Cultivation of naked barley by early Iron Age agro-pastoralists in Xinjiang, China[J]. Environmental Archaeology, 2018, 23 (4): 416-425. doi: 10.1080/14614103.2017.1415121
[47] Li Y Q, Storozum M J, Tian D, et al. Farming strategies of 1st millennium CE agro-pastoralists on the southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains: A geoarchaeological and macrobotanical investigation of the Mohuchahangoukou(MGK)site, Xinjiang, China[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14 (6): e0217171. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217171
[48] 邵孔兰, 张健平, 丛德新, 等. 植物微体化石分析揭示阿敦乔鲁遗址古人生存策略[J]. 第四纪研究, 2019, 39 (1): 37-47. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2019.01.04
Shao Konglan, Zhang Jianping, Cong Dexin, et al. Analysis of plant microfossils reveals the ancient survival strategy of the Adunqiaolu site in Xinjiang, China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2019, 39 (1): 37-47. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2019.01.04
[49] Zhang G L, Wang Y Q, Spate M, et al. Investigation of the diverse plant uses at the South Aisikexiaer Cemetery(~2700-2400 years bp)in the Hami Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China[J]. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2019, 11 (2): 699-711. doi: 10.1007/s12520-017-0563-9
[50] 李悦, 马健, 张成睿, 等. 中国古代牧业社会骨制品的初步考察: 以新疆巴里坤石人子沟遗址为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 2020, 40 (2): 331-342. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.04
Li Yue, Ma Jian, Zhang Chengrui, et al. Worked bone production in ancient pastoral societies in China: A case study of the Shirenzigou site in Balikun, Xinjiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2020, 40 (2): 331-342. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.04
[51] 王清, 马志坤, 陈秋荷, 等. 新疆尼勒克县吉仁台沟口遗址石器功能分析: 来自植物微体遗存的证据[J]. 第四纪研究, 2020, 40 (2): 450-461. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.15
Wang Qing, Ma Zhikun, Chen Qiuhe, et al. Microbotanical remains provide direct evidences for the functional study of stone tools from Jartai Pass site in Nilka County, Xinjiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2020, 40 (2): 450-461. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.15
[52] 马志坤, 刘舒, 任萌, 等. 新疆东天山地区巴里坤石人子沟遗址储粮坑分析[J]. 第四纪研究, 2021, 41 (1): 214-223. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.19
Ma Zhikun, Liu Shu, Ren Meng, et al. Analysis of grain storage pit of the Shirenzigou site in Balikun County, east Tianshan area, Xinjiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2021, 41 (1): 214-223. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2021.01.19
[53] Tian D, Festa M, Cong D X, et al. New evidence for supplementary crop production, foddering and fuel use by Bronze Age transhumant pastoralists in the Tianshan Mountains[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11: 13718. doi. org/10.1038/s41598-021-93090-2. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93090-2
[54] Wang L J, Wang Y Q, Li W Y, et al. Inner Asian agro-pastoralism as optimal adaptation strategy of Wupu inhabitants(3000-2400 cal BP)in Xinjiang, China[J]. The Holocene, 2021, 31 (2): 203-216. doi: 10.1177/0959683620941139
[55] 王超, 王龙, 曹洪勇, 等. 新疆吐鲁番早期铁器时代青稞脱粒研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2018, 38 (2): 420-425. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2018.02.13
Wang Chao, Wang Long, Cao Hongyong, et al. Studies on the crop processing of naked barley of Early Iron Age in ancient Turpan of Xinjiang[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2018, 38 (2): 420-425. http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2018.02.13
[56] 新疆文物考古研究所. 新疆察吾呼——大型氏族墓地发掘报告[M]. 北京: 东方出版社, 1999: 1-344.
Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang. Chawuhu of Xinjiang—Archaeological Report of A Huge Family Cemetery[M]. Beijing: Oriental Publishing House, 1999: 1-344.
[57] 胡望林. 察汗乌苏墓地察吾乎文化遗存及相关问题探析[D]. 西安: 西北大学硕士学位论文, 2009: 1-42.
Hu Wanglin. On Chawuhu Cultural Relics and Related Problems at Chahanwusu Cemetery[D]. Xi'an: The Master's Thesis of Northwest University, 2009: 1-42.
[58] 何德修. 新疆库尔勒市上户乡古墓葬[J]. 文物, 1999, (2): 32-40. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WENW199902003.htm
He Dexiu. Shanghuxiang cemetery of Kuerle, Xinjiang[J]. Cultural Relics, 1999, (2): 32-40. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WENW199902003.htm
[59] 孙秉根, 陈戈. 新疆轮台群巴克古墓葬第一次发掘简报[J]. 考古, 1987, (11): 987-996. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU198711004.htm
Sun Binggen, Chen Ge. The first excavation of Qunbake cemetery, Luntai, Xinjiang[J]. Archeology, 1987, (11): 987-996. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU198711004.htm
[60] 丛德新, 陈戈. 新疆轮台县群巴克墓葬第二、三次发掘简报[J]. 考古, 1991, (8): 684-703. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU199108001.htm
Cong Dexin, Chen Ge. The second and third excavations of Qunbake cemetery, Luntai, Xinjiang[J]. Archeology, 1991, (8): 987-996. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KAGU199108001.htm
[61] 王博, 鲁礼鹏, 徐辉鸿, 等. 新疆且末扎滚鲁克一号墓地发掘报告[J]. 考古学报, 2003, (1): 89-136. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KGXB200301003.htm
Wang Bo, Lu Lipeng, Xu Huihong, et al. Excavation report of Zhagunluke cemetery one, Qiemo, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 2003, (1): 89-136. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KGXB200301003.htm
[62] 陈戈. 察吾乎沟口文化的类型划分和分期问题[J]. 考古与文物, 2001, (5): 30-39, 48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7830.2001.05.003
Chen Ge. Classification and staging of Chawuhugoukou culture[J]. Archaeology and Cultural Relics, 2001, (5): 30-39, 48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7830.2001.05.003
[63] 韩康信, 张君, 赵凌霞. 察吾呼三号、四号墓地人骨的体质人类学研究[M]//新疆文物考古研究所编. 新疆察吾呼——大型氏族墓地发掘报告. 北京: 东方出版社, 1999: 299-337.
Han Kangxin, Zhang Jun, Zhao Lingxia. Physical Anthropological study of human bones from Chawuhu cemetery three and four[M]//Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang ed. Chawuhu of Xinjiang—Archaeological Report of A Huge Family Cemetery. Beijing: Oriental Publishing House, 1999: 299-337.
[64] 张全超, 王明辉, 金海燕, 等. 新疆和静县察吾呼沟口四号墓地出土人骨化学元素的含量分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2005, 24 (4): 328-333. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2005.04.009
Zhang Quanchao, Wang Minghui, Jin Haiyan, et al. Elemental analysis of human bones from Chahuwu cemetery four, Hejing, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Anthropological Sinica, 2005, 24 (4): 328-333. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2005.04.009
[65] 周金玲. 新疆察吾呼沟古墓发掘及其研究[J]. 西域研究, 1998, (2): 38-45. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ199802004.htm
Zhou Jinling. Excavation and research of Chawuhu cemetery from Xinjiang[J]. The Western Regions Studies, 1998, (2): 38-45. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ199802004.htm
[66] 李宇奇, 王忻. 从莫呼查汗沟口遗址群看新疆的早期水利灌溉技术[J]. 西部考古, 2018, (1): 224-231.
Li Yuqi, Wang Xin. Early water conservancy and irrigation technology in Xinjiang from Mohucha Hangoukou site[J]. Western Archaeology, 2018, (1): 224-231.
[67] 新疆维吾尔自治区文物考古研究所. 新疆莫呼查汗墓地[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2016: 1-398.
Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang. Mohuchahan Cemetery in Xinjiang[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2016: 1-398.
[68] Reimer P J, Austin W E N, Bard E, et al. The IntCal 20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve(0-55 kcal BP)[J]. Radiocarbon, 2020, 62 (4): 725-757. doi: 10.1017/RDC.2020.41
[69] Bronk Ramsey C. OxCal Program, v. 4.4.4: Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit[DB/OL]. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, available at https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal.html (last accessed November 2021).
[70] Hedges R E M, Reynard L M. Nitrogen isotopes and the trophic level of humans in archaeology[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007, 34 (8): 1240-1251. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.015
[71] 付昶, 张铁男, 王博. 莫呼查汗墓地出土人骨的人种学研究[M]//新疆维吾尔自治区文物考古研究所编. 新疆莫呼查汗墓地. 北京: 科学出版社, 2016: 354-396.
Fu Chang, Zhang Tienan, Wang Bo. Ethnographic study on human bones unearthed from Mohuchahan cemetery[M]//Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Xinjiang ed. Mohuchahan Cemetery in Xinjiang. Beijing: Science Press, 2016: 354-396.
[72] 丛德新, 贾笑冰, 贾伟明, 等. 新疆博尔塔拉河流域青铜时代山顶遗存的发现与初步认识[J]. 西域研究, 2018, (2): 138-145. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ201802013.htm
Cong Dexin, Jia Xiaobing, Jia Weiming, et al. Discovery and preliminary understanding of Bronze Age mountaintop relics in Bortala River Basin, Xinjiang[J]. The Western Regions Studies, 2018, (2): 138-145. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XYYJ201802013.htm
[73] 马健, 习通源, 任萌, 等. 新疆巴里坤红山口遗址2008年调查简报[J]. 文物, 2014, (7): 17-30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8697.2014.07.005
Ma Jian, Xi Tongyuan, Ren Meng, et al. 2008 survey report of Hongshankou site, Balikun, Xinjiang[J]. Cultural Relics, 2014, (7): 17-30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8697.2014.07.005
[74] Hartman G. Are elevated δ 15N values in herbivores in hot and arid environments caused by diet or animal physiology?[J]. Functional Ecology, 2011, 25 (1): 122-131. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01782.x
[75] Szpak P, White C D, Longstaffe F J, et al. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic survey of northern Peruvian plants: Baselines for paleodietary and paleoecological studies[J]. PLoS One. 2013, 8 (1): e53763. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053763
[76] Li W, Zhou L G, Lin Y H, et al. Interdisciplinary study on dietary complexity in Central China during the Longshan Period(4.5-3.8 ka BP): New isotopic evidence from Wadian and Haojiatai, Henan Province[J]. The Holocene, 2021, 31 (2): 258-270. doi: 10.1177/0959683620970252
-
图(6)
表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 2662
- PDF下载数: 185
- 施引文献: 0