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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2015, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (30): 68-73.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040120

所属专题： 玉米； 农业气象

• 农学 农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同生育阶段气象因子对玉米产量及构成要素的影响分析

王晓群1,杨彦龙1,张 宇1,周 平2   

  1. (1黑龙江省佳木斯市气象局,黑龙江佳木斯 154002；2云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院,昆明 650201）
  • 收稿日期:2015-04-15 修回日期:2015-05-29 接受日期:2015-06-01 出版日期:2015-10-29 发布日期:2015-10-29
  • 通讯作者: 周 平
  • 基金资助:
    公益性行业（气象）科研专项(201206043)佳木斯子项目。

Analysis of the Effects of Meteorological Factors at Different Growth Stageson Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Wang Xiaoqun1, Yang Yanlong1, Zhang Yu1, Zhou Ping2   

  1. (1Weather Bureau of Jiamusi, Jiamusi Heilongjiang 154002;2Faculty of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201)
  • Received:2015-04-15 Revised:2015-05-29 Accepted:2015-06-01 Online:2015-10-29 Published:2015-10-29

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摘要： 为揭示气象因子对玉米产量构成要素的影响机理，以‘吉单27’为试验材料，于2012、2013年在佳木斯市农业气象试验站进行分期播种试验，通过调整播期改变玉米生育期内的气象条件，分析产量及产量构成要素与气象因子的关系，为抵御阶段性不良气象因子的胁迫并实现玉米高产提供理论依据。结果表明：产量构成要素与不同生育阶段的多个气象因子显著相关。拔节至大喇叭口期日均降水量为玉米产量的限制因子，通过影响秃尖比、穗粒数和株粒数重影响产量；吐丝至乳熟期温度为限制因子，该生育期随着日平均气温、日均最高温度、日均最低温度的升高，秃尖比减小，穗粒数、株粒数重均增加；大喇叭口至抽雄期，日照时数与秃尖比呈显著负相关，此期随着日照时数的增加秃尖比减小；乳熟到成熟期，日均相对湿度影响穗粒数、株粒数重的提升。‘吉单27’在佳木斯的最佳播种时间为5月上中旬，6月下旬至7月上旬的日均降水量，7月下旬至8月上旬的日平均气温、日均最高温度、日均最低温度成为玉米产量提升的限制因子，在试验设定的密度条件及栽培管理水平下，产量提升主要受穗粒数的制约。

关键词: 花青素, 花青素, 含量, 生物合成, 外源因素

Abstract: In order to reveal the mechanisms of the influences of meteorological factors on maize yield and its components, a two-year field experiment on ‘Jidan 27’ was conducted under various sowing dates in Jiamusi Agricultural Meteorological station basin in 2012 and 2013. And the relationship between meteorological factors and maize yield as well as its components was investigated and analyzed based on the test of the adjustment of sowing dates to the change of meteorological factors at the growth stage, which would provide the theoretic foundation on how to defense the stress of negative meteorological factors so as to realize high maize yield. The results showed that the correlation between yield components and many meteorological factors at different growth stages was significant. The average daily rainfall during shooting stage to big trumpet stage was a limiting factor on maize yield, which could affect ear barren tip, seeds per ear and strain grain weight. During silking stage to milk stage, the temperature (average daily temperature, maximum daily temperature and minimum daily temperature) was a limiting factor that the seeds per ear and the strain grain weight, except the ear barren tip, would increase along with the increase of it. And a significant negative correlation between the average daily sunshine duration and the ear barren tip was showed during big trumpet stage to tasseling stage. That was to say, the ear barren tip reduced with the increase of the average daily sunshine duration in this term. The average daily relative humidity affected the increase of seeds per ear and strain grain weight during milky stage and maturity stage. The results obtained here suggest that the best sowing time of ‘Jidan 27’ should be early to mid-May in Jiamusi; the average daily rainfall in late June and early July and the temperature (average daily temperature, maximum daily temperature and minimum daily temperature) in late July and early August would be limiting factors on maize yield increase; seeds per ear would be a main limitation on higher yield under the conditions of density and cultivation management designed in this test.