Abstract: Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the major pollutants in indoor air; therefore, its removal is vital to safeguarding human health since people spend most of their time indoors. Various methods have been developed for the removal of indoor HCHO, including physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, thermocatalysis, photocatalysis, plasma-based methods, and microbial purification. In this review, the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these methods as well as their applications in air purification are summarized. Among the abovementioned methods, physical adsorption is the most widely applied because of its simplicity and low cost. However, the main disadvantage of this method is the low adsorption saturation level of most adsorbents, resulting in regular regeneration/replacement of the adsorbent, which in turn limits the application of this method. The development of novel adsorbents with high adsorption capacities which are easy to regenerate is the future direction for physical adsorption. Thermocatalysis is the most extensively investigated approach in recent years. Supported noble metal catalysts achieve higher conversions of HCHO to carbon dioxide and water at room temperature than non-noble metal catalysts, which justifies their widespread use in air purifiers. However, the high costs of noble metals limit their practical application in this regard. The synthesis of highly efficient, durable, and low-cost catalysts is very important to use thermocatalysis in the removal of HCHO. Plasma-based methods achieve high removal efficiencies for HCHO and various other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), making them specifically suitable for the removal of HCHO that coexists with a high concentration of VOCs in places such as furniture factories. However, the application of plasma-based methods can cause secondary pollution due to the formation of ozone, carbon monoxide, and other by-products. Additional catalytic beds are often required to eliminate these by-products. Photocatalysis offers a high removal efficiency for low concentrations of HCHO; therefore, it is suitable for application in places that receive abundant sunshine and have low concentrations of HCHO (such as closed glass rooms receiving abundant sunshine). The development of highly efficient, stable, and visible-light-responsive photocatalytic materials is the future direction for photocatalysis. Additionally, the high equipment requirements of plasma and photocatalysis restrict their vast practical application. Owing to the coexistence of HCHO with particulate matter and other VOCs in indoor air, the combination of adsorption, filtration, and thermocatalysis has important application potential for the removal of HCHO in air purifiers.
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