Trends in the Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture of Bangladesh—Present State, Problems, and Prospects

Hossain, Md Kabir; Shahjahan, Md; Kari, Zulhisyam Abdul; Téllez-Isaías, Guillermo

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5566980

Aquaculture Research

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 5566980 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5566980

Trends in the Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture of Bangladesh—Present State, Problems, and Prospects

Md Kabir Hossain,¹Md Shahjahan,¹Zulhisyam Abdul Kari,^2,3and Guillermo Téllez-Isaías⁴

Academic Editor: Ömerhan Dürrani

Received05 Apr 2023

Revised11 Jul 2023

Accepted21 Jul 2023

Published11 Aug 2023

Abstract

Aquaculture in Bangladesh has expanded, diversified, and intensified over the last decades. Control of infectious diseases is critical for a successful and sustainable aquaculture. In this study, we examined the extent of use of probiotics in aquaculture of Bangladesh, using a questionnaire. Data were collected from 200 individual respondents from commercial fish farms located at Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Jashore, and Cumilla (50 from each) regions. A total of 88 different probiotics products from 36 companies, mostly imported, are used in the aquaculture in Bangladesh. Although in most cases the purpose of the use of probiotics is not clear for the farm owners, several representatives of different companies suggested the use of their different probiotic products, for different situations. Most of the farm owners responded that they used probiotics to get higher production by promoting the growth of fish. A considerable number of farm owners responded that probiotics reduced mortality as well as reduced gas emissions from the aquaculture ponds. Although the use of commercial probiotics varies from region to region, Pondcare and Safegut, the product of SK + F, are mostly used in aquaculture based on the responses (32% and 21% of respondents, respectively). To safeguard and clarify the value and effectiveness of these goods, the fish feed manufacturers and regulatory authorities should monitor their production, collection, and marketing.

1. Introduction

Aquaculture is expanding in new directions around the world. The main goal of aquaculture is to maximize the production and ultimately, profits. Aquaculture in Bangladesh is keeping pace with the rest of the global aquaculture. Nationwide, aquaculture contributes 57.10% of the total fish production [1]. Bangladesh ranked as the 5th country in the world in terms of aquaculture production and thus it is considered one of the leading nations for fish production. In terms of average growth rate of fish output over the past 10 years, Bangladesh has ascended to the second position [1]. Bangladesh is a self-sufficient country, providing 63 g of fish per person daily, compared to the requirement of approximately 60 g [2]. However, due to the expansion and intensification of aquaculture, antibiotics have been extensively used to control bacterial infections [3–6]. Antibiotics used in aquaculture promote the development and transfer of resistance to other bacteria, including human and fish pathogens, which may be detrimental to the environment and human health [7–10]. Moreover, feed costs account for over 70% of total production expenses, reducing the profitability of this thriving industry [11–14]. Consequently, alternative solutions for modern sustainable aquaculture that include cost-effective feeds, that can maintain decent farming conditions for optimal production are quite preferable [15]. In this direction, aquaculture industry explores solutions that are as effective as the traditional antibiotics but are environment- and consumer-friendly [16, 17]. Bio-friendly feed additives, including probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, are increasingly popular dietary supplements that have the potential to increase not only growth performance but also immunological response and physiological well-being in fish and crustaceans [18].

Probiotics serve a critical function as bio-friendly agents that can guarantee aquaculture’s long-term viability and profitability [18, 19]. Probiotics are usually members of the healthy microbiota associated with the host [20], such as lactic acid bacteria, or various members of the genus Bacillus spp., and yeasts, such as Saccharomyces spp. They are often utilized to boost fish’s growth, digestibility, immunological responses, disease resistance, blood biochemistry, gut health, and overall well-being [9, 21–23]. In addition, they can alter the gut microbiota and thus they affect the availability of various key nutrients through improved breaking down and absorption of various available nutrients [24, 25]. In reproduction, probiotics significantly increase egg production, the fecundity and fertilization rate [26, 27] and can increase the amount of normal fry hatched [28].

Despite the fact that there are very few studies on the use of probiotics in shrimp and fish culture in Bangladesh, farmers there have been intensively cultivating catfish, particularly shing (Heteropneustes fossilis), pabda (Ompok pabda), and gulsha (Mystus cavasius), with probiotics to reduce disease, algal bloom, and improve growth. Probiotics are used for a variety of functions throughout the culture period on about 13%, 59%, and 28% of semi-intensive, extensive (traditional), and enhanced traditional farms in the Satkhira district of Bangladesh [29, 30]. It has been shown that several probiotics have been employed in the farming of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), rui (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosis), and shrimp [31, 32]. According to reports, around 43%, 29%, 17%, 7%, and 4% of probiotics were employed in water, feed, soil, and feed, water, and soil probiotics, respectively [33]. In addition, probiotics have been utilized extensively in the nation’s Biofloc Technology to adapt a variety of species [34, 35].

In this study, a survey was conducted to examine the overall performance of probiotics in commercial fish farming in Bangladesh. We compiled current data on commonly used probiotics in aquaculture of Bangladesh noting the supplier companies, their active ingredients, and concentrations, the used doses, with special emphasis on their actual impacts on fish production, feed utilization, water quality management, and disease resistance.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area and Period

Based on the top fish-producing districts, we divided the whole country into four centers such as Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Jashore, and Cumilla (Figure 1). These districts are considered important aquaculture centers in Bangladesh as the meteorological conditions and geography are more suitable for fish production. We collected data over 6 months, from January to June 2021.

2.2. Questionnaire Preparation and Survey

A questionnaire interview procedure was designed for the collection of data. A draft interview schedule was first created, in order to obtain a complete picture and fulfill the study’s objectives. A set of questionnaires was included like as farmer’s identity, physical facilities of the farm commonly used probiotics along with company name, price, extent, and dose, the performance of probiotics in the pond before and after uses of probiotics, problems, and possibilities of probiotics, etc. A total of 200 commercial fish farms were visited to gather information about the selected regions in the country.

2.3. Data Collection

Data were collected from 200 individual respondents of commercial fish farms located at Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Jashore, and Cumilla (50 from each). Both primary and secondary sources were explored when gathering information. The researchers collected primary data through questionnaire interviews and as participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools like cross-check interviews with key information, focus group discussion (FGD), and large group discussion (LGD) from commercial fish farmers and fish medicine shops personally to have a brief outline of the present status of probiotics in Bangladesh. Secondary information was gleaned from resource persons such as; the districts fisheries officer (DFO), upazila fisheries officer (UFO), and local extension agent for fisheries (LEAF) of government organizations. Some information was documented from representatives of the different pharmaceuticals companies. The Journals, theses, reports, and government documents were also used to collect secondary information.

2.4. Data Processing and Analysis

The gathered information was carefully compiled, reviewed, organized, and summarized. Then the information was analyzed and interpreted in accordance with the objectives and specifications. Collected data were processed using Excel 2010. The information was therefore represented in text, tabulated, and graphic representations to make the current outcomes easier to read and understand.

3. Results

3.1. Major Commercial Probiotics Used in Aquaculture of Bangladesh

Probiotics were mostly available in powder form in the market with different names according to companies. Some liquid probiotics were also available in the market. A total of 88 different probiotics products from 36 companies are used in the aquaculture of Bangladesh (Table 1). Although we found 88 probiotics from 36 companies with different trade names from the survey, not all few probiotics are used extensively by the farm owners. The biochemical composition, concentration, doses, and functions vary from probiotics to probiotics (Table 2). Most probiotics are mixed with prebiotics to enhance the functionality of probiotics. Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Nitrosomonas spp. are most abundant for most probiotics with special purposes. We summarized the mostly available probiotics with their content and doses with the specific functions.

3.2. Most Commonly Used Probiotics on the Basis of Farmers’ Perception

Although the use of commercial probiotics is varied from region to region, the Pondcare and Safegut, product of SK + F, are mostly used in aquaculture as per the perception of 32% and 21% of respondents, respectively (Figure 2).

3.3. Farmers’ Perception of the Purpose of Use of Probiotics in Bangladesh

The purpose of the use of probiotics is not clear for the farm owners in most cases. However, when they face any problem, several representatives of different companies provided suggestions to use their different probiotics products. Most of the farm owners responded that they used probiotics to get higher production by promoting the growth of fish (Figure 3). A considerable number of farm owners responded that probiotics reduced mortality, improved water quality, as well as reduced gas from the aquaculture ponds.

4. Discussion

This study provides a foundation to assess the actual scenario of probiotics used in the aquaculture of Bangladesh. The results also would release new avenues for research in the case of commercially imported probiotics. Although the application of probiotics is both empirical and scientific, most commercial farmers do not concern about its use in aquaculture. The function of probiotics is confusing yet for the farmers. However, some farmers are very much interested in using the probiotics as they know probiotics are crucial catalysts for boosting growth, decreasing pathogens, and maintaining an eco-friendly culture environment. Farmers would thereby experience increased output and financial gain.

As probiotics play a key role in aquaculture, their application in the aquatic environment enhances water quality parameters such as alkalinity, pH, COD, DO, BOD, TDS, phosphates, nitrogenous species, hardness, transparency, heavy metals, and decrease in the frequency of illnesses. In our survey, we perceived that the DO level of water increases after the use of probiotics. Farmers use probiotics to maintain optimum DO levels in waters for better growth performances. Similarly, probiotics significantly improved DO levels and decreased the ionized and unionized ammonia of water [11, 36, 37]. In our investigation, we ascertained that the pH level increased after using probiotics on the fish farm. It has been reported that ionized and unionized ammonia, level of nitrite and nitrate, as well as the concentration of TAN value, also were drastically reduced after the use of probiotics [13, 36, 38, 39]. Similarly, probiotics changed the water color from light green (high transparency) to dark green (low transparency), as Bacillus species have influence on transparency [40, 41].

Although probiotics are a crucial management tool, their effectiveness depends on the environment because most probiotics are imported from other countries, and they are adapted to their environment. So new environment is so challenging for effective functioning, and it is quite difficult to compete with local strains, and their functionality may hamper. Many farmers do not concern about probiotics. Some farmers utilize probiotics as feed additives, but doing so not only adds to costs and requires attention to ensure that new microbial strains are used properly and as effectively as possible. On the other hand, several problems are also associated at the field level, like a lack of technical knowledge of fish farmers about the use of probiotics and the dose and content of probiotics. Sometimes they apply overdose, which may create adverse effects due to the rapid multiplication of microbes in culture systems. Some farmers also claim that probiotics do not work properly due to adulteration in probiotics. Some probiotics have negative side effects, including intestinal cell damage, gill and skin mucus, and intestinal tissue disturbance due to adulteration. In many cases, commercially available probiotics do not properly label the dose, target species to be treated, age, or size.

5. Conclusions

In summary, a considerable number of different probiotics, mostly imported, are used in the aquaculture of Bangladesh. The purpose of the use of probiotics is not clear for the farm owners in most cases. The feed producers and regulatory authorities should therefore keep an eye on their production, collecting, and marketing in order to protect and define the worth and efficacy of these items. More field trials are necessary to validate the dose and application of laboratory findings of probiotics. Also it is undoubtedly an urgent need to develop probiotics using local strains from the environment and organisms of Bangladesh to enhance the efficiency and functionality of probiotics, and raise awareness about the beneficial effects of probiotics among commercial fish farmers.

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Md Kabir Hossain collected and analyzed data, and drafting the manuscript. Md Shahjahan conceived, designed, supervised the study, and edited the manuscript. Zulhisyam Abdul Kari and Guillermo Téllez-Isaías involved in the writing–review and editing.

Acknowledgments

The article is from the collaboration between Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Bangladesh Agricultural University and University of Arkansas, USA. Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System (BAURES) is gratefully acknowledged for financial management of this project (Project No. 2020/954/KGF). This study was supported by a grant (CGP Project No.-TF 75-F/20-2020/954/KGF) from Krishi Gobeshona Foundation to the corresponding author (M.S.). The APC was supported in part by funds provided by USDA-NIFA sustainable agriculture systems, Grant No. 2019-69012-29905.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Md Kabir Hossain et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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