Acridine-2,4-Dinitrophenyl Hydrazone Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles as an Efficient Sensor for Quantification of Mercury in Tap Water

Ali, Imdad; Isaac, Ibanga Okon; Ahmed, Mahmood; Ahmed, Farid; Ikram, Farhat; Ateeq, Muhammad; Alharthy, Rima D.; Malik, Muhammad Imran; Hameed, Abdul; Shah, Muhammad Raza

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6823140

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Toxic and Heavy Metals in Food Items

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 6823140 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6823140

Acridine-2,4-Dinitrophenyl Hydrazone Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles as an Efficient Sensor for Quantification of Mercury in Tap Water

Imdad Ali,¹Ibanga Okon Isaac,¹Mahmood Ahmed,²Farid Ahmed,¹Farhat Ikram,³Muhammad Ateeq,⁴Rima D. Alharthy,⁵Muhammad Imran Malik,¹Abdul Hameed,^1,6and Muhammad Raza Shah¹

Academic Editor: Andrea Mastinu

Received14 Dec 2021

Revised26 Feb 2022

Accepted09 Mar 2022

Published26 Mar 2022

Abstract

Excretion of heavy metals especially mercury (Hg²⁺⁾ from the industries into the environment becomes a major global problem. In this context, mercury is a highly dangerous metal which poses serious impact on human health. In the present study, acridine- (ACR-) based silver nanoparticles (ACR-AgNPs) were prepared and employed as a nanosensor for effective detection and quantification of Hg²⁺ in tap water. Conjugation between ACR-based coating agent and silver was examined by UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, while morphology and particle size were determined through atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, sensing behavior of nanosensor for metal ions was evaluated by mixing different metals such as Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺, Pb²⁺, Pd²⁺, Al³⁺, Sn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺with ACR-AgNPs. Among all the added metal ions, only Hg²⁺resulted in significant quenching in the absorption intensity of ACR-AgNPs. The limit of detection of the ACR-AgNP-based nanosensor was found to be 1.65 μM in a wide pH range (1-14). The proposed mercury sensor worked efficiently in the presence of other interfering agents such as other metal ions. Therefore, the synthesized ACR-AgNPs have proved to be an efficient and robust nanosensor for quantitative detection of Hg²⁺ in real sample analysis such as tap water. The proposed method does not require expensive instrumentation and trained manpower.

1. Introduction

The excretion of heavy metal from the industries in the environment has become a major global problem. Mercury (Hg²⁺) is one of highly toxic pollutant which is found in soil, water, and air [1]. It is a highly dangerous metal and causes serious health problems to humans and animals. Its direct contact with eyes results in vision loss. The human central nervous system is badly affected by action of Hg²⁺ ions, if it presents in the blood. It also induces lung problem, the person feel breathing problem that leads to kidney failure and to ultimate death [2–8]. It has been estimated that the total amount of Hg added from industries into the environment is about 5,000–8,000 metric tons per year [9, 10]. Various techniques have been employed for detection of Hg²⁺ ions in the soil, water, and even in the air that include atomic absorption or emission spectroscopy (AAS/AES) [11, 12], X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) [13], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [8], and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) [14]. Previous methods are difficult, costly, require expensive instruments, and also expertise of manpower to run these instruments. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an easy, economic, selective, and sensitive method for detection of mercury in the environmental samples. Recently, fluorescent and colorimetric sensors are found to be easily approachable, and facile method for the detection of environmentally pollutant metal ions (Hg²⁺ ions) [15–19]. Due to presence of electronic configuration of d10 orbital of mercury, there is no spectral signature that inhibits its practical applications [20–22]. However, due to having this unique feature (Hg²⁺ ions), the nanosensor has great optical response to detect Hg²⁺ ions present in biological samples or in the environment [22–24]. The nanosensors have remarkable ability to detect mercury ions (Hg²⁺) even if it is present in the very small amounts. In this context, silver nanoparticles of chemosensors were synthesized which possess strong optical response in the spectral range of 400 to 480 nm. The addition of external substances in the AgNPs results in the spectral shift (bathochromic, hyperchromic, hypsochromic, and hypochromic) due to interaction between external species with silver nanoparticles [25–27]. Moreover, nanoparticles of silver are cheap, nontoxic, and environment friendly. Furthermore, these have great capability to detect the heavy metal ions (Hg²⁺ ions) and have high selectivity and sensitivity depending upon the nature of the used stabilizing agent. Various methods are present to synthesize AgNPs such as chemical reduction method, ion sputtering, and sol gel [28–30]. The abovementioned methods engage harmful chemicals and also need high energy which may cause decomposition of the chemosensors [31, 32]. Due to the nontoxic nature and biological applications, the silver nanoparticles have great attention for the scientists, chemists, and pharmaceutics [33–35]. Moreover, silver nanoparticles provide remarkable opportunity to detect the heavy metal ions, dyes, pesticides, fertilizers, bacteria, fungi, and drugs in the environmental and biological systems.

Acridines derived from anthracenes belong to the class of heterocyclic compounds [36]. It is formed when two rings fuse in a central position to a pyridine ring, also recognized as dibenzo-pyridine. Derivatives of acridine are well-known for their remarkable pharmaceutical and biological properties [37–39]. Interesting molecular structure of acridine derivatives raised our interest to explore their potential as sensors. Therefore, we targeted to prepare silver nanoparticles by using (1E,8E)-1,8-bis(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) hydrazono)-9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-decahydroacridine (ACR) as stabilizer and to explore their potential for sensing Hg²⁺ in environmental samples. Different spectroscopic techniques were carried out for the characterization of acridine-based silver nanoparticles such as UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, while morphology and particle size were observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The detection and quantification of mercury ions are the major target of current study (graphical description, Figure 1).

2. Methods and Material

2.1. Materials and Instrumentations

All the chemicals used were of analytical grade and were procured from Sigma Aldrich. All the solvent used in this study were analytical grade and were purchased from Riedel-de Haen. The UV-visible spectroscopy was conducted on Shimadzu-240 Tokyo, Japan, having a one-centimeter quartz cuvette. The morphology of samples was determined with atomic force microscopy (Agilent-5500, USA). A diluted drop of sample was put on the mica, air dried, and analyzed in contact mode. The average size and zeta potential were observed by zeta sizer. The measurement of pH of the sample was done through model 510 pH meter (Oakton, Eutech), having Ag/AgCl (reference) electrode and a glass (working) electrode.

2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of ACR

(1E,8E)-1,8-bis(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-decahydroacridine (ACR) was synthesized by mixing benzaldehyde, ammonium acetate, dimedone, and nickel (II) fluoride tetrahydrate (catalyst) in ethanol. After maintaining acidic medium by using acetic acid, hydrazine hydrate, phenyl isothiocyanate, and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine were added. Details of synthesis and characterization of ACR have been given in our recent publication [40].

2.3. Synthesis of ACR-AgNPs

ACR-AgNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction method using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. Stock solution of silver nitrate (1 mM) was prepared in deionized water which was further diluted to 0.1 mM. A 1.0 mM solution of ACR was prepared in ethanol and further diluted up to 0.1 mM. To synthesize ACR conjugated silver nanoparticles (ACR-AgNPs), equimolar solutions of synthesized ACR (0.1 mM) and silver nitrate (0.1 mM) were mixed in several ratios (1 : 5, 1 : 10, 1 : 15, and 1 : 20) and stirred at room temperature for10 minutes. After that, few drops (5-6) of NaBH₄ (4 mM) were added and resulted solution was stirred further. After 30 minutes of continuous stirring, yellow color appears in the initially colorless solution indicating the formation of colloidal silver nanoparticles. The synthesized ACR-AgNPs were centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 12 min until pallets were obtained, after discarding supernatant followed by freeze drying to obtain solid ACR-AgNPs. The obtained nanoparticles were stored at 4°C for further use.

2.4. Morphological Analysis by AFM

For determination of particles size and surface morphology of the synthesized ACR-AgNPs. For the analysis of the complexation between ACR-AgNPs and Hg²⁺, both the solutions were mixed in 1 : 1 ratio (). For AFM sample preparation, 10 μL freshly prepared solution of ACR-AgNPs was placed on a cleaned mica disc and dried in air. After complete drying, AFM analysis was performed in tapping mode.

2.5. FTIR Analysis

FT-IR spectra in the range 400-4000 cm^-1 were recorded by FT-IR 8900 Shimadzu using KBr disc. For FTIR analysis of ACR-AgNPs, 5 mg dried nanoparticles were mixed with a small amount of KBr powder and grounded to a fine disc. Similarly, 5 mg of ACR-AgNPs powder mixed with equal ratio with Hg²⁺ was mixed with a small amount of KBr and grounded to a fine disc. Thereafter, analysis was done by FT-IR 8900 Shimadzu, Japan.

2.6. General Methods for Sensing Experiments

The photophysical potential of ACR-AgNPs towards metal ions was explored using UV-visible spectroscopy. For general screening experiments, 1.0 mL of freshly prepared ACR-AgNPs solution was mixed with various metal ions (100 μM), and changes in the absorption spectrum were recorded. For the determination of limit of detection for Hg²⁺, concentration-dependent experiments were performed, various concentration of Hg²⁺ (5-100 μM) were treated with ACR-AgNPs. The limit of detection for Hg²⁺ was calculated using standard deviation of blank and slope of straight-line equation using following formula . For competitive analysis, several interfering metal ions were tested in presence of Hg²⁺, and obtained results were compared with that of Hg²⁺ alone.

2.7. Spiking in Tap Water

100 μM solution of mercury was prepared in laboratory tap water taken from the University of Karachi. The freshly prepared ACR-AgNPs were mixed with mercury solution of equal concentration and equal quantity prepared in tap water. UV-visible spectrum was recorded and compared with spectrum recorded in deionized water.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis of ACR-AgNPs

UV-visible spectra were recorded to finalize the suitable ratio for optimum stabilization of ACR-AgNPs. Spectral analysis showed that ACR to AgNO₃ ratio of 1 : 10, 1 : 15, and 1 : 20 gave a sharp peak as compared to the ratio 1 : 5 at 410 nm (Figure 2). Peak broadness may lead to incorrect results as the addition of any interfering substance especially low concentration may not induce a significant response. Thus, ratio 1 : 20 was used for the synthesis of ACR-AgNPs because in this ratio the more nanoparticles are formed and the peak is sharp and of high intensity.

3.2. Characterization of ACR-AgNPs

The morphology and size of ACR-AgNPs were examined by two-dimensional and three-dimensional images obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM), which showed spherical particles in the size range of 40 to 45 nm (Figure 3(a)). And also the SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis of the same revealed the spherical shape of the ACR-AgNPs having a size in similar range (Figure 3(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Size distribution of ACR-AgNPs is examined through dynamic light scattering (DLS) in terms of percent intensity, ACR-AgNPs showed the average size of 40 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.556, Figure 3(b). FTIR spectra of ACR and ACR-AgNPs were recorded between 4000 and 500 cm^-1. Spectra showed prominent infrared absorbance peaks at 1618 cm^-1. Stretching vibration of carbon-carbon single and carbon-carbon double bond (aromatic) causes absorbance bands at 1585, 1618, 1477, and 1423 cm^-1. Asymmetric stretch of ^_C^_O^_ and CH₃ (bend) is observed at 1129 and 1253 cm^-1. Whereas peaks at 1511 and 1330 cm^-1indicate C-N and N-H stretching of aromatic amine. Stretching vibrations of secondary amine (N^_H) group of acridine showed a broadband at 3300 cm^-1 while a sharp band appeared at 3644 cm^-1. In spectrum of acridine conjugated silver nanoparticles, the -N-H band shifted from 3300 cm^-1 to 3443 cm^-1. These findings suggest that the secondary amine nitrogen of ACR takes part in the stabilization of silver nanoparticles (Figure 4) [41, 42].

3.3. Stability of ACR-AgNPs

Stability of nanoparticle under different conditions plays critical role in application of nanoparticles to the real samples. In order to determine the stability of newly synthesized ACR-AgNPs, different parameter was optimized such as pH of the medium and effect of temperature on the stability of nanoparticles. In order to determine the effect of temperature on the stability of nanoparticle, ACR-AgNPs were boiled to 100°C, cooled to room temperature, and spectra were recorded. As can be seen from Figure 5(a), ACR-AgNPs are found to be more stable after temperature treatment. The effect of pH on the stability of ACR-AgNPs was also optimized as shown in Figure 5(b). The newly prepared AgNPs stabilized by ACR were found to be highly stable in a wide range of pH (2-12).

(a)

(b)

3.4. ACR-AgNPs as Sensor

As a real target of this study, the effect of addition of commonly found ions/metal ions such as NH₄⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺, Pb²⁺, Pd²⁺, Al³⁺, Sn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺ in ACR-AgNPs is evaluated. UV-visible spectra of the ACR-AgNPs after addition of metal salt solutions (100 μM) in 1 : 1 ratio is recorded (Figure 6). Addition of mercury solution in ACR-AgNPs resulted in decrease in the absorbance intensity that could be linked to the binding of Hg²⁺with the nitrogen of ACR-AgNPs by their lone pairs. As depicted in Figure 4 most probably, the Hg²⁺forms stable complex with Schiff base nitrogen atom of ACR-AgNPs. After the complex formation with Hg²⁺, the electronic environment of ACR-AgNPs is disrupted and consequently absorption intensity decreased significantly. All other tested metals did not have any pronounced effect on the SPR band of ACR-AgNPs. The interaction of Hg²⁺withACR-AgNPs can be monitored by several factors like surface modification, aggregate morphology, particle size, and shape [43].

Furthermore, sensitivity of ACR-AgNPs for Hg²⁺was checked in the presence of other metal ions viz. NH₄⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺, Pb²⁺, Pd²⁺, Al³⁺, Sn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺by adding ACR-AgNPs and Hg²⁺ along with all the aforementioned metals. The change in the absorption intensity of ACR-AgNPs+Hg²⁺ upon addition of various other competing metal ions was recorded and compared with the intensity obtained of the same without interferent. The presence of other metal ions has no significant effect on the quenching of SPR band as obtained for the same amount of mercury without interferent, Figure 7. This indicates that the proposed sensor has efficiently detects the Hg²⁺ ions in the real sample even in the presence of other metal ions.

In order to determine stoichiometry of ACR-AgNPs and Hg²⁺, Job’s method was used in which total concentration was kept constant, while mole fraction of Hg²⁺was increased gradually from 0.1–1. Values of absorption intensities at 410 nm revealed that minimum absorbance was obtained at mole fraction value of 0.6, indicating 1 : 1 binding ratio of ACR-AgNPs with Hg²⁺ (Figure 8).

In addition, sensing behavior of synthesized nanosensor at elevated concentration of Hg²⁺was checked between ranges of 5-100 μM Hg²⁺solutions (Figure 9). An efficient and concentration-dependent decrease in the absorbance intensity of ACR-AgNPs is observed. A linear relation was observed with the increasing concentration of mercury with value of 0.9893. The limit of detection for mercury ion was found to be 1.65 μM.

3.5. Characterization of ACR-AgNP-Hg²⁺ Complex

The morphology and size of ACR-AgNPs and Hg²⁺ complex were observed through AFM and DLS and SEM (Figure 10). Images obtained through AFM and SEM showed spherical and large size particles. Percent intensity of Hg²⁺ complex of ACR-AgNPs indicated increment in particle size from 40 to 90 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.577. Moreover, analysis through AFM, SEM, and DLS revealed increment in size which confirmed ACR-AgNPs complex formation with Hg²⁺.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The absorbance bands of ACR-AgNPs complex with Hg²⁺obtained in the range of 1000–4000 cm^-1 are 3443, 1614, 1205, and 1138 cm^-1 (Figure 11). Among these, broad absorbance band at 3443 cm^-1 is due to the bending vibration of secondary amine (-NH). Whereas Hg²⁺ binding to the nitrogen of aromatic amine and oxygen of hydroxyl results in shifting of this band from 3443 to 3580 cm^-1 and also decreased broadness of the absorbance band appeared at 3580 cm^-1, because in the complex, both amine and hydroxyl groups of ACR-AgNPs are involved in chelation with Hg²⁺. The peak at 1687 cm^-1 is due to C=N in ACR-AgNPs and in case of its complex with Hg²⁺, a sharp peak at 1614 cm^-1 was observed. Moreover, C-N and C-O-C stretching bands were obtained at 1205 cm^-1 and 1138 cm^-1(Figure 11).

It is generally required to evaluate effect of pH on the host guest interaction in a complex in context of real sample applications. To determine an optimized pH for spectroscopic analysis, stability of ACR-AgNPs complex with Hg²⁺ in the pH range of 2-13 is evaluated (Figure 12). To maintain the pH of solutions, the dilute sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid was added drop wise. At pH range of 2-6, the decrease in intensity of the ACR-AgNPs complex with Hg²⁺ might be associated with deprotonation of ACR-AgNPs. Conversely, the absorption intensity of ACR-AgNPs complex with Hg²⁺ remained constant in a pH range of 6-8 followed by a slight decrease in the range of pH 8-10. Furthermore, absorption intensity of the ACR-AgNPs complex with Hg²⁺increased in the pH range of 10-14, which may be attributed to the enhancement of nucleophilic character of the donor atoms that facilitate hydrogen bonding. The results indicate the effectiveness of the ACR-AgNP-based sensor for Hg²⁺ in the whole pH range.

3.6. Detection of Hg²⁺ in Tap Water

To assess the capacity of ACR-AgNPs as nanosensor for Hg²⁺ in water sample, two different Hg²⁺ solutions had been prepared in tap water and deionized water (collected from University of Karachi, Pakistan), respectively. It was noticed that the existence of electrolyte did not alter the absorption spectra and quenching observed by adding nanosensor in mercury (Hg²⁺ ions) solution made up in either deionized water or in laboratory tap water (Figure 13). Similar suppressions are recorded in the intensity of ACR-AgNPs after the addition of mercury in both deionized water and tap water. The percentage recovery of the spiked samples is in the range of 94.2-102.4 as depicted in Table 1. The results illustrate that ACR-AgNPs can be used as a nanosensor for the selective detection of Hg²⁺ in tap water sample.

3.7. Comparison with Other Studies

Up till now, several analytical methods are reported in the literature for the selective detection of Hg²⁺. Most of the reported methods to detect the mercury (Hg²⁺ ions) in the biological system and aqueous media are difficult, tedious, and costly, Table 2. As can be seen in the Table that the limit of detection of the instrumental methods is lower compared to current method. However, these methods are based on the expensive instruments and time-consuming analysis protocols. The method proposed in this study is based on UV-visible spectroscopy which is easy, economical without any need of an expert. Furthermore, the material used for the synthesis of ACR-AgNPs is cheaper compared. The method is swift, on-spot, and works well for real samples (water samples and biological system).

4. Conclusion

Acridine-based conjugated silver nanoparticles showed effective and sensitive method for the detection of Hg²⁺ ions in the real water sample, and these nanoparticles also showed environmentally friendly behaviors. The addition of Hg²⁺ ions prepared in the tap water with solution of silver nanoparticles of nanosensor (ACR-AgNPs) presents a significance decrease in the absorption intensity. The silver nanoparticles of acridine showed selectivity even in the presence of different metals ions and also exhibit significant stability in acidic and basic environment. The presence of electrolyte does not show any disturbance on the absorption intensity of the conjugated silver nanoparticles of acridine. Therefore, these results illustrate that derivative of acridine can be used as an efficient sensors for the detection of environmental pollutants. The limit of detection of proposed sensor obtained from experimental data is 1.65 μM. The percentage recovery of the spiked samples was in the range of 94.2-102.4%. All the above results show that the nanosensor could be used for the selective detection of mercury in the laboratory tap water and in biological samples.

Data Availability

All the data is presented in the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan, for partial financial support under “National Research Program for Universities” with project number 5743 and International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Pakistan, for providing lab facilities.

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Copyright © 2022 Imdad Ali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Journal of Chemistry

Toxic and Heavy Metals in Food Items

Acridine-2,4-Dinitrophenyl Hydrazone Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles as an Efficient Sensor for Quantification of Mercury in Tap Water

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Methods and Material

2.1. Materials and Instrumentations

2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of ACR

2.3. Synthesis of ACR-AgNPs

2.4. Morphological Analysis by AFM

2.5. FTIR Analysis

2.6. General Methods for Sensing Experiments

2.7. Spiking in Tap Water

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis of ACR-AgNPs

3.2. Characterization of ACR-AgNPs

3.3. Stability of ACR-AgNPs

3.4. ACR-AgNPs as Sensor

3.5. Characterization of ACR-AgNP-Hg2+ Complex

3.6. Detection of Hg2+ in Tap Water

3.7. Comparison with Other Studies

4. Conclusion

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

3.5. Characterization of ACR-AgNP-Hg²⁺ Complex

3.6. Detection of Hg²⁺ in Tap Water