skip to main content
research-article

Networks and Influencers in Online Propaganda Events: A Comparative Study of Three Cases in India

Published:26 April 2024Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

The structure and mechanics of organized outreach around certain issues, such as in propaganda networks, is constantly evolving on social media. We collect tweets on two propaganda events and one non-propaganda event with varying degrees of organized messaging. We then perform a comparative analysis of the user and network characteristics of social media networks around these events and find clearly distinguishable traits across events. We find that influential entities like prominent politicians, digital influencers, and mainstream media prefer to engage more with social media events with lesser degree of propaganda while avoiding events with high degree of propaganda, which are mostly sustained by lesser known but dedicated micro-influencers. We also find that network communities of events with high degree of propaganda are significantly centralized with respect to the influence exercised by their leaders. The methods and findings of this study can pave the way for modeling and early detection of other propaganda events, using their user and community characteristics.

References

  1. Norah Abokhodair, Daisy Yoo, and David W McDonald. 2015. Dissecting a social botnet: Growth, content and influence in Twitter. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing. 839--851.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Nitin Agarwal, Samer Al-Khateeb, Rick Galeano, and Rebecca Goolsby. 2017. Examining the use of botnets and their evolution in propaganda dissemination. Defence Strategic Communications 2, 1 (2017), 87--112.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  3. Syeda Zainab Akbar, Anmol Panda, Divyanshu Kukreti, Azhagu Meena, and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Misinformation as a Window into Prejudice: COVID-19 and the Information Environment in India. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 4, CSCW3 (2021), 1--28.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Syeda Zainab Akbar, Ankur Sharma, Himani Negi, Anmol Panda, and Joyojeet Pal. 2020. Anatomy of a Rumour: Social media and the suicide of Sushant Singh Rajput. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.11744 (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Saja Aldera, Ahmad Emam, Muhammad Al-Qurishi, Majed Alrubaian, and Abdulrahman Alothaim. 2021. Online extremism detection in textual content: a systematic literature review. IEEE Access 9 (2021), 42384--42396.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Amit A Amleshwaram, Narasimha Reddy, Sandeep Yadav, Guofei Gu, and Chao Yang. 2013. Cats: Characterizing automation of twitter spammers. In 2013 Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS). IEEE, 1--10.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. Cynthia Andrews, Elodie Fichet, Yuwei Ding, Emma S Spiro, and Kate Starbird. 2016. Keeping up with the tweetdashians: The impact of'official'accounts on online rumoring. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer- Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. 452--465.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Arshia Arya, Soham De, Dibyendu Mishra, Gazal Shekhawat, Ankur Sharma, Anmol Panda, Faisal Lalani, Parantak Singh, Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal, Rynaa Grover, et al. 2022. DISMISS: Database of Indian Social Media Influencers on Twitter. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 16. 1201--1207.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. Alberto Barrón-Cedeno, Giovanni Da San Martino, Israa Jaradat, and Preslav Nakov. 2019. Proppy: A system to unmask propaganda in online news. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 33. 9847--9848.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Alberto Barrón-Cedeno, Israa Jaradat, Giovanni Da San Martino, and Preslav Nakov. 2019. Proppy: Organizing the news based on their propagandistic content. Information Processing & Management 56, 5 (2019), 1849--1864.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Jonah Berger and Katherine L Milkman. 2012. What makes online content viral? Journal of marketing research 49, 2 (2012), 192--205.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. David M Beskow and Kathleen M Carley. 2018. Bot-hunter: a tiered approach to detecting & characterizing automated activity on twitter. In Conference paper. SBP-BRiMS: International conference on social computing, behavioral-cultural modeling and prediction and behavior representation in modeling and simulation, Vol. 3. 3.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Kiran Vinod Bhatia. 2022. Hindu nationalism online: Twitter as discourse and interface. Religions 13, 8 (2022), 739.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  14. Shankar Biradar, Sunil Saumya, and Arun Chauhan. 2021. Hate or non-hate: Translation based hate speech identification in code-mixed hinglish data set. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2470--2475.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. Gillian Bolsover and Philip Howard. 2019. Chinese computational propaganda: Automation, algorithms and the manipulation of information about Chinese politics on Twitter and Weibo. Information, communication & society 22, 14 (2019), 2063--2080.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Alexandre Bovet and Hernán A Makse. 2019. Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election. Nature communications 10, 1 (2019), 1--14.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Samantha Bradshaw, Hannah Bailey, and Philip N Howard. 2021. Industrialized disinformation: 2020 global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Computational Propaganda Project at the Oxford Internet Institute.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Chiyu Cai, Linjing Li, and Daniel Zeng. 2017. Detecting social bots by jointly modeling deep behavior and content information. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. 1995--1998.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Guido Caldarelli, Rocco De Nicola, Fabio Del Vigna, Marinella Petrocchi, and Fabio Saracco. 2020. The role of bot squads in the political propaganda on Twitter. Communications Physics 3, 1 (2020), 1--15.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  20. Hadley Cantril. 1938. Propaganda analysis. The English Journal 27, 3 (1938), 217--221.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Akemi Takeoka Chatfield, Christopher G Reddick, and Uuf Brajawidagda. 2015. Tweeting propaganda, radicalization and recruitment: Islamic state supporters multi-sided twitter networks. In Proceedings of the 16th annual international conference on digital government research. 239--249.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Nikan Chavoshi, Hossein Hamooni, and Abdullah Mueen. 2016. Debot: Twitter bot detection via warped correlation.. In Icdm. 817--822.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. TIMES FACT CHECK. 2019. FAKE ALERT: No UNESCO did not declare Indian national anthem ?best in the world'. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-no-unesco-did-not-declare-indiannational- anthem-best-in-the-world/articleshow/70731926.cms?from=mdrGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Aditya Chetan, Brihi Joshi, Hridoy Sankar Dutta, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2019. Corerank: Ranking to detect users involved in blackmarket-based collusive retweeting activities. In Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining. 330--338.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  25. Rajdipa Chowdhury, Sriram Srinivasan, and Lise Getoor. 2020. Joint estimation of user and publisher credibility for fake news detection. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. 1993--1996.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Aaron Clauset, Mark EJ Newman, and Cristopher Moore. 2004. Finding community structure in very large networks. Physical review E 70, 6 (2004), 066111.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Giovanni Da San Martino, Seunghak Yu, Alberto Barrón-Cedeno, Rostislav Petrov, and Preslav Nakov. 2019. Finegrained analysis of propaganda in news article. In Proceedings of the 2019 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and the 9th international joint conference on natural language processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 5636-- 5646.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  28. Saloni Dash, Arshia Arya, Sukhnidh Kaur, and Joyojeet Pal. 2022. Narrative Building in Propaganda Networks on Indian Twitter. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM Web Science Conference 2022. 239--244.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. Guillaume Daval-Frerot and Yannick Weis. 2020. WMD at SemEval-2020 Tasks 7 and 11: Assessing humor and propaganda using unsupervised data augmentation. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation. 1865--1874.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. Sandipan Deb. August 2022. The politics of boycott Bollywood. https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/ entertainment/the-politics-of-boycott-bollywood-9058811.html.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. Daryna Dementieva, Igor Markov, and Alexander Panchenko. 2020. SkoltechNLP at SemEval-2020 Task 11: Exploring unsupervised text augmentation for propaganda detection. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation. 1786--1792.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  32. Dimitar Dimitrov, Bishr Bin Ali, Shaden Shaar, Firoj Alam, Fabrizio Silvestri, Hamed Firooz, Preslav Nakov, and Giovanni Da San Martino. 2021. Detecting propaganda techniques in memes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.08013 (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. Andrej Duh, Marjan Slak Rupnik, and Dean Koro?ak. 2018. Collective behavior of social bots is encoded in their temporal twitter activity. Big data 6, 2 (2018), 113--123.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. Juan Echeverr a, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Nicolas Kourtellis, Ilias Leontiadis, Gianluca Stringhini, and Shi Zhou. 2018. LOBO: Evaluation of generalization deficiencies in Twitter bot classifiers. In Proceedings of the 34th annual computer security applications conference. 137--146.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. Murray Edelman. 1988. Constructing the political spectacle. University of Chicago Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. TimesNow Entertainment Desk. August 2022. Akshay Kumar lands in trouble; BJP MP Subramanian Swamy issues legal notice, accuses team of distorting Ram Setu saga. https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/akshaykumar-lands-in-trouble-bjp-mp-subramanian-swamy-issues-legal-notice-accuses-team-of-distorting-ram-setusaga- bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-93830877.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  37. Vlad Ermurachi and Daniela Gifu. 2020. UAIC1860 at SemEval-2020 Task 11: Detection of propaganda techniques in news articles. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation. 1835--1840.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  38. Dave Evans, Susan Bratton, and Jake McKee. 2021. Social media marketing. AG Printing & Publishing.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. Anna Fang and Zina Ben-Miled. 2017. Does bad news spread faster?. In 2017 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC). IEEE, 793--797.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  40. Gowhar Farooq. 2018. Politics of fake news: How WhatsApp became a potent propaganda tool in India. Media Watch 9, 1 (2018), 106--117.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  41. Emilio Ferrara. 2017. Contagion dynamics of extremist propaganda in social networks. Information Sciences 418 (2017), 1--12.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. Emilio Ferrara and Zeyao Yang. 2015. Measuring emotional contagion in social media. PloS one 10, 11 (2015), e0142390.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  43. Berta García-Orosa. 2021. Disinformation, social media, bots, and astroturfing: the fourth wave of digital democracy. Profesional de la información 30, 6 (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. Sonja Gensler, Franziska Völckner, Yuping Liu-Thompkins, and Caroline Wiertz. 2013. Managing brands in the social media environment. Journal of interactive marketing 27, 4 (2013), 242--256.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  45. AM Goodwin, Katie Joseff, and Samuel C Woolley. 2020. Social media influencers and the 2020 US election: Paying ?regular people'for digital campaign communication. Center for Media Engagement (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Zaria Gorvett. 2020. A rumour about Covid-19 has been spreading -- that drinking water regularly and keeping your mouth moist can protect you. Here BBC Future examines the evidence. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200319- covid-19-will-drinking-water-keep-you-safe-from-coronavirusGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. Dmitry Grigorev and Vladimir Ivanov. 2020. Inno at SemEval-2020 Task 11: Leveraging Pure Transformer for Multi-Class Propaganda Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.11584 (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  48. Stefano Guarino, Noemi Trino, Alessandro Celestini, Alessandro Chessa, and Gianni Riotta. 2020. Characterizing networks of propaganda on twitter: a case study. Applied Network Science 5, 1 (2020), 1--22.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  49. Mahdi Hashemi and Margeret Hall. 2019. Detecting and classifying online dark visual propaganda. Image and Vision Computing 89 (2019), 95--105.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. Maryam Heidari, James H Jones, and Ozlem Uzuner. 2020. Deep contextualized word embedding for text-based online user profiling to detect social bots on twitter. In 2020 International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW). IEEE, 480--487.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  51. Brian Heredia, Joseph Prusa, and Taghi Khoshgoftaar. 2017. Exploring the effectiveness of twitter at polling the united states 2016 presidential election. In 2017 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC). IEEE, 283--290.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  52. Garth S Jowett and Victoria O'donnell. 2018. Propaganda & persuasion. Sage publications.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  53. Franziska B Keller, David Schoch, Sebastian Stier, and JungHwan Yang. 2020. Political astroturfing on twitter: How to coordinate a disinformation campaign. Political communication 37, 2 (2020), 256--280.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  54. Sneha Kudugunta and Emilio Ferrara. 2018. Deep neural networks for bot detection. Information Sciences 467 (2018), 312--322.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  55. Sangho Lee and Jong Kim. 2014. Early filtering of ephemeral malicious accounts on Twitter. Computer communications 54 (2014), 48--57.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  56. Yingya Li, Jieke Zhang, and Bei Yu. 2017. An NLP analysis of exaggerated claims in science news. In Proceedings of the 2017 EMNLP Workshop: Natural Language Processing meets Journalism. 106--111.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  57. Ying Lin, Joe Hoover, Gwenyth Portillo-Wightman, Christina Park, Morteza Dehghani, and Heng Ji. 2018. Acquiring background knowledge to improve moral value prediction. In 2018 ieee/acm international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining (asonam). IEEE, 552--559.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Shenghua Liu, Bryan Hooi, and Christos Faloutsos. 2017. Holoscope: Topology-and-spike aware fraud detection. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. 1539--1548.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  59. Yang Liu and Yi-Fang Wu. 2018. Early detection of fake news on social media through propagation path classification with recurrent and convolutional networks. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, Vol. 32.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  60. Cristian Lumezanu, Nick Feamster, and Hans Klein. 2012. # bias: Measuring the tweeting behavior of propagandists. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 6. 210--217.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  61. Syed Mahbub, Eric Pardede, ASM Kayes, and Wenny Rahayu. 2019. Controlling astroturfing on the internet: a survey on detection techniques and research challenges. International journal of web and grid services 15, 2 (2019), 139--158.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  62. Giovanni Da San Martino, Stefano Cresci, Alberto Barrón-Cedeño, Seunghak Yu, Roberto Di Pietro, and Preslav Nakov. 2020. A survey on computational propaganda detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.08024 (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  63. Michele Mazza, Stefano Cresci, Marco Avvenuti,Walter Quattrociocchi, and Maurizio Tesconi. 2019. Rtbust: Exploiting temporal patterns for botnet detection on twitter. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on web science. 183--192.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  64. Liz McQuillan, Erin McAweeney, Alicia Bargar, and Alex Ruch. 2020. Cultural convergence: Insights into the behavior of misinformation networks on twitter. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.03443 (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  65. Bhaskar Mehta, Thomas Hofmann, and Peter Fankhauser. 2007. Lies and propaganda: detecting spam users in collaborative filtering. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces. 14--21.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  66. Nivedita Menon. 2020. Hindu Rashtra and Bollywood: A New Front in the Battle for Cultural Hegemony. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 24/25 (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  67. Abir Misra. 2021. Can the Celebrity Speak? Controversies and the Eulogistic Fandom of Shah Rukh Khan. American Behavioral Scientist (2021), 00027642211042286.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  68. B Vijay Murty. 2017. Jharkhand lynching: When a WhatsApp message turned tribals into killer mobs. Retrieved October 9, 2023 from https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-whatsapp-message-claimed-nine-lives-injharkhand- in-a-week/story-xZsIlwFawf82o5WTs8nhVL.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  69. Yiftach Nagar. 2012. What do you think? The structuring of an online community as a collective-sensemaking process. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work. 393--402.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  70. Shobhana K. Nair. February 2022. Union Budget 2022 reactions | Budget has no vision for employment generation: Opposition. https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2022-opposition-reaction/article38359128. ece.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  71. Leonardo Nizzoli, Marco Avvenuti, Stefano Cresci, and Maurizio Tesconi. 2019. Extremist propaganda tweet classification with deep learning in realistic scenarios. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science. 203--204.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  72. Vitaliia-Anna Oliinyk, Victoria Vysotska, Yevhen Burov, Khrystyna Mykich, and Vítor Basto Fernandes. 2020. Propaganda Detection in Text Data Based on NLP and Machine Learning.. In MoMLeT DS. 132--144.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  73. Michael Orlov and Marina Litvak. 2019. Using behavior and text analysis to detect propagandists and misinformers on twitter. In Annual International Symposium on Information Management and Big Data. Springer, 67--74.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  74. Diogo Pacheco, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer. 2020. Unveiling coordinated groups behind white helmets disinformation. In Companion proceedings of the web conference 2020. 611--616.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  75. Anmol Panda, A'ndre Gonawela, Sreangsu Acharyya, Dibyendu Mishra, Mugdha Mohapatra, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, and Joyojeet Pal. 2020. Nivaduck-a scalable pipeline to build a database of political twitter handles for india and the united states. In International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200--209.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  76. Holly Paquette. 2013. Social media as a marketing tool: A literature review. (2013).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  77. Jiwoon Park, Ji Min Lee, Vikki Yiqi Xiong, Felix Septianto, and Yuri Seo. 2021. David and Goliath: when and why micro-influencers are more persuasive than mega-influencers. Journal of Advertising 50, 5 (2021), 584--602.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  78. Jian Peng, Sam Detchon, Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo, and Helen Ashman. 2017. Astroturfing detection in social media: a binary n-gram--based approach. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 29, 17 (2017), e4013.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  79. Charity Pradiptarini. 2011. Social media marketing: Measuring its effectiveness and identifying the target market. UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research 14, 2 (2011), 2.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  80. Piotr Przybyla. 2020. Capturing the style of fake news. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, Vol. 34. 490--497.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  81. Francisco Rangel and Paolo Rosso. 2019. Overview of the 7th author profiling task at PAN 2019: bots and gender profiling in twitter. In Proceedings of the CEUR Workshop, Lugano, Switzerland. 1--36.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  82. Hannah Rashkin, Eunsol Choi, Jin Yea Jang, Svitlana Volkova, and Yejin Choi. 2017. Truth of varying shades: Analyzing language in fake news and political fact-checking. In Proceedings of the 2017 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. 2931--2937.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  83. Nelson Ribeiro. 2014. Broadcasting to the Portuguese Empire in Africa: Salazar's singular broadcasting policy. Critical Arts 28, 6 (2014), 920--937.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  84. Marcel Schliebs, Hannah Bailey, Jonathan Bright, and Philip N Howard. 2021. China's public diplomacy operations: understanding engagement and inauthentic amplifications of PRC diplomats on Facebook and Twitter. (2021).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  85. David Schoch, Franziska B Keller, Sebastian Stier, and JungHwan Yang. 2022. Coordination patterns reveal online political astroturfing across the world. Scientific reports 12, 1 (2022), 4572.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  86. Anirban Sen and Joyojeet Pal. September 2022. The Structure And Style Of A Dogma Community: Conspiracy Theories And Organized Twitter Engagement On Sushant Singh Rajput. https://www.medianama.com/2022/09/223- how-ssr-sushant-singh-rajput-fans-gamed-twitter-algorithm/.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  87. Hyunjin Seo. 2014. Visual propaganda in the age of social media: An empirical analysis of Twitter images during the 2012 Israeli--Hamas conflict. Visual Communication Quarterly 21, 3 (2014), 150--161.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  88. Tathagat Sharma. 2020. The Pan India Experiment of NRC: History, Problems Associated and Lessons to Learn from Assam. (2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  89. Clay Shirky. 2009. Here comes everybody: How change happens when people come together. Penguin UK.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  90. Kai Shu, Deepak Mahudeswaran, Suhang Wang, and Huan Liu. 2020. Hierarchical propagation networks for fake news detection: Investigation and exploitation. In Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, Vol. 14. 626--637.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  91. Amila Silva, Yi Han, Ling Luo, Shanika Karunasekera, and Christopher Leckie. 2020. Embedding Partial Propagation Network for Fake News Early Detection.. In CIKM (Workshops), Vol. 2699.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  92. Kate Starbird. 2013. Delivering patients to sacré coeur: collective intelligence in digital volunteer communities. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 801--810.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  93. Kate Starbird, Ahmer Arif, and Tom Wilson. 2019. Disinformation as collaborative work: Surfacing the participatory nature of strategic information operations. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1--26.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  94. Briony Swire, Adam J Berinsky, Stephan Lewandowsky, and Ullrich KH Ecker. 2017. Processing political misinformation: Comprehending the Trump phenomenon. Royal Society open science 4, 3 (2017), 160802.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  95. Junfeng Tian, Min Gui, Chenliang Li, Ming Yan, and Wenming Xiao. 2021. MinD at SemEval-2021 Task 6: Propaganda Detection using Transfer Learning and Multimodal Fusion. In Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2021). 1082--1087.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  96. Javier Torregrosa, Joshua Thorburn, Raúl Lara-Cabrera, David Camacho, and Humberto M Trujillo. 2020. Linguistic analysis of pro-isis users on twitter. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 12, 3 (2020), 171--185.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  97. Andrea Tundis, Gaurav Mukherjee, and Max Mühlhäuser. 2020. Mixed-code text analysis for the detection of online hidden propaganda. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security. 1--7.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  98. Shylaja Varma. February 2020. ?They Are Calling Me Terrorist": Defiant, BJP's Kapil Mishra TweetsAgain. https://www. ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-violence-bjps-kapil-mishra-tweets-again-says-they-are-calling-me-terrorist-2185804.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  99. Sarah Vieweg, Amanda L Hughes, Kate Starbird, and Leysia Palen. 2010. Microblogging during two natural hazards events: what twitter may contribute to situational awareness. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1079--1088.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  100. Simona Vinerean, Iuliana Cetina, Luigi Dumitrescu, and Mihai Tichindelean. 2013. The effects of social media marketing on online consumer behavior. International journal of business and management 8, 14 (2013), 66.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  101. Nishan Chathuranga Wickramarathna, Thiruni D Jayasiriwardena, Malith Wijesekara, Pasindu Bawantha Munasinghe, and Gamage Upeksha Ganegoda. 2020. A framework to detect twitter platform manipulation and computational propaganda. In 2020 20th International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer). IEEE, 214--219.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  102. Alex Williams Kirkpatrick. 2021. The spread of fake science: Lexical concreteness, proximity, misinformation sharing, and the moderating role of subjective knowledge. Public Understanding of Science 30, 1 (2021), 55--74.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  103. William Williamson III and James Scrofani. 2019. Trends in detection and characterization of propaganda bots. (2019).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  104. Kai-Cheng Yang, Francesco Pierri, Pik-Mai Hui, David Axelrod, Christopher Torres-Lugo, John Bryden, and Filippo Menczer. 2021. The covid-19 infodemic: Twitter versus facebook. Big Data & Society 8, 1 (2021), 20539517211013861.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  105. Kai-Cheng Yang, Onur Varol, Clayton A Davis, Emilio Ferrara, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer. 2019. Arming the public with artificial intelligence to counter social bots. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 1, 1 (2019), 48--61.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  106. Zichao Yang, Zhiting Hu, Chris Dyer, Eric P Xing, and Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick. 2018. Unsupervised text style transfer using language models as discriminators. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (2018).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  107. Zhi Yang, Jilong Xue, Xiaoyong Yang, Xiao Wang, and Yafei Dai. 2015. VoteTrust: Leveraging friend invitation graph to defend against social network sybils. IEEE Transactions on dependable and secure computing 13, 4 (2015), 488--501.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Networks and Influencers in Online Propaganda Events: A Comparative Study of Three Cases in India

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Login options

        Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

        Sign in

        Full Access

        • Published in

          cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
          Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  Volume 8, Issue CSCW1
          CSCW
          April 2024
          6294 pages
          EISSN:2573-0142
          DOI:10.1145/3661497
          Issue’s Table of Contents

          Copyright © 2024 ACM

          Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

          Publisher

          Association for Computing Machinery

          New York, NY, United States

          Publication History

          • Published: 26 April 2024
          Published in pacmhci Volume 8, Issue CSCW1

          Permissions

          Request permissions about this article.

          Request Permissions

          Check for updates

          Qualifiers

          • research-article
        • Article Metrics

          • Downloads (Last 12 months)58
          • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)58

          Other Metrics

        PDF Format

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader