Jui-Chuan Liu
ABSTRACT
Data hiding schemes can generally be categorized into four types: spatial-domain schemes, frequency-domain schemes, compression-domain schemes, and encryption-domain schemes. VQ or VQ variant compression techniques have been widely used by scholars to design data hiding approaches in the compression domain. Over the past two decades, the index tables generated by VQ or VQ variant-based compression techniques have served as the primary carriers for concealing confidential data.
However, while the codebook plays a crucial role in VQ or VQ variant compression techniques, its potential as a carrier besides index tables has not been explored. This paper introduces two strategies to extend the category of carriers for VQ or VQ variant-based data hiding. The first strategy, based on Tain et al.’s difference expansion (DE), is a lossy data hiding approach. The second strategy involves reordering indices and is a lossless data hiding strategy. Experimental results confirm that the second hiding strategy provides adaptive hiding capacity without raising suspicion from attackers. Although the first hiding strategy may introduce slight distortion when using the stego codebook to decode the VQ-compressed images, it does not result in the size expansion of the compression codes. In other words, our two proposed hiding strategies not only work together to carry secret data but can also individually collaborate with existing VQ or VQ variant-based data hiding schemes to further enhance the hiding capacity without introducing complex computations.
- C. C. Chang, G. M. Chen, M. H. Lin. 2004. Information hiding based on search-order coding for VQ indices. Pattern Recogn Lett 25(11):1253–1261Google Scholar
Digital Library
- C. C. Chang, T. S. Nguyen, C. C. Lin. 2013. A novel VQ-based reversible data hiding scheme by using hybrid encoding strategies. J Syst Softw 86:389–402Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. C. Lin, C. C. Wang. 1999. Digital images watermarking by vector quantization. Proc Natl Comput Symp 3:76–87Google Scholar
- Z. B. Pan, X. X. Ma, X. M. Deng, S. Hu. 2013. Low bit-rate information hiding method based on search-order-coding technique. J Syst Softw 86(11):2863–2869Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. J. Wang, C. T. Huang, C. M. Liu, P. C. Su, S. J. Wang. 2013. Data embedding for vector quantization image processing on the basis of adjoining state-codebook mapping. Inf Sci 246:69–82Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. C. Lin, X. L. Liu, S. M. Yuan. 2015. Reversible data hiding for VQ-compressed images based on search-order-coding and state-codebook mapping. Inf Sci 293:314–326Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. Xia, A. Wang, C. C. Chang, L. Liu. 2017. Reversible data hiding for VQ indices using hierarchical state codebook mapping. Multimed Tools Appl 77(16):20519–20533Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. C. Chang, T. S. Nguyen, C. C. Lin. 2015. A reversible compression code hiding using SOC and SMVQ indices. Inf Sci 300:85–99Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Tian. 2003. Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 13(8): 890-896Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. M. Alattar. 2004. Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13(8): 1147-1156Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Linde, A. Buzo, and R. Gray, 1980. “An algorithm for vector quantizer design,” IEEE Trans. Communication., 28(1): 84–95Google ScholarCross Ref
- Z. Ni, Y. Q. Shi, N. Ansari, W. Su. 2006. “Reversible data hiding,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., 16(3): 354–362Google ScholarDigital Library
- I. C. Lin, M. S, Hwang, L. H. Li. 2003. "A new remote user authentication scheme for multi-server architecture", Future Generat. Comput. Syst., 19(1): 13-22Google ScholarCross Ref
- C. C. Chang C, F. C. Shine, F. C Chen. 2000. Pattern-based side match vector quantization for image compression, Imaging Science Journal, 48(2): 63-76Google ScholarCross Ref
Recommendations
Visually imperceptible image hiding scheme based on vector quantization
A novel visually imperceptible image hiding scheme based on VQ compression and LSB modification is introduced in this article. Multiple secret images can be simultaneously and imperceptibly hid into another cover image with the same image size by the ...
Reversible index-domain information hiding scheme based on side-match vector quantization
Information hiding has become an interesting topic that receives more and more attention. Recently, many hiding techniques were proposed to directly conceal secret information on an image. However, for convenience and efficiency, images are usually ...
A Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Side Match Vector Quantization
Many researchers have studied reversible data hiding techniques in recent years and most have proposed reversible data hiding schemes that guarantee only that the original cover image can be reconstructed completely. Once the secret data are embedded in ...
Comments