Krzysztof Krejtz
Andrew T. Duchowski
Skip Abstract Section
Skip Supplemental Material SectionAbstract
The paper contributes to scanpath bundling methods. We propose an analytical approach for statistical comparisons of aggregated scanpath visualizations by means of second-order gaze analysis metrics. The present study explores differences in attention distribution and cognitive processing over architectural objects between architects, art historians, and non-experts. The results show between-group differences in attention dynamics of the aggregated scanpaths. The aggregated scanpaths of both expert groups were focal, while non-experts' scanpaths were ambient. Experts also paid more attention to and tended to remember better the architectural details and their location. The discussion explores the scalability of the proposed approach for Human-Computer Interaction and accessibility technologies designed to enhance the experience of cultural heritage.
Supplemental Material
- Rudolf Arnheim. 1977. The dynamics of architectural form: based on the 1975 Mary Duke Biddle lectures at the Cooper Union. Vol. 376. Univ of California Press, Berkeley, California. 1==210 pages.Google Scholar
- Brett Bahle, Valerie M. Beck, and Andrew Hollingworth. 2018. The architecture of interaction between visual working memory and visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 44, 7 (2018), 992--1011. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000509Google ScholarCross Ref
- Thomas Balslev, Halszka Jarodzka, Kenneth Holmqvist, Willem de Grave, Arno Muijtjens, Berit Eika, Jeroen van Merriënboer, and Albert Scherpbier. 2012. Visual Expertise In Paediatric Neurology. European journal of paediatric neurology , Vol. 16 (2012), 161--166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.07.004Google Scholar
- Rita Berto, Stefano Massaccesi, and Margherita Pasini. 2008. Do eye movements measured across high and low fascination photographs differ? Addressing Kaplan's fascination hypothesis. Journal of Environmental Psychology , Vol. 28, 2 (2008), 185--191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.11.004Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jos Boys. 2014. Doing Disability Differently An alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
- Andrew T. Duchowski. 2017. Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory & Practice 3nd ed.). Springer-Verlag, Inc., London, UK.Google Scholar
- Andrew T. Duchowski, Sophie Jörg, Jaret Screws, Nina A. Gehrer, Michael Schönenberg, and Krzysztof Krejtz. 2019. Guiding Gaze: Expressive Models of Reading and Face Scanning. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (Denver, Colorado) (ETRA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 25, bibinfonumpages9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314111.3319848Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lien Dupont, Kristien Ooms, Andrew T. Duchowski, Marc Antrop, and Veerle Van Eetvelde. 2017. Investigating the visual exploration of the rural-urban gradient using eye-tracking. Spatial Cognition & Computation , Vol. 17, 1--2 (2017), 65--88. https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2016.1226837Google ScholarCross Ref
- Islam Akef Ebeid and Jacek Gwizdka. 2018. Real-time gaze transition entropy. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications. ACM, Warsaw Poland, 1--3. https://doi.org/10.1145/3204493.3208340Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rebecca N. Elisa, Emili Balaguer-Ballester, and Benjamin A. Parris. 2016. Inattention, Working Memory, and Goal Neglect in a Community Sample. Frontiers in Psychology , Vol. 7 (2016), 1428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01428Google ScholarCross Ref
- Piotr Francuz, Iwo Zaniewski, Pawel Augustynowicz, Natalia Kopi?, and Tomasz Jankowski. 2018. Eye Movement Correlates of Expertise in Visual Arts. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , Vol. 12 (2018), 87. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00087Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nicholas A. Giovinco, Steven M. Sutton, John D. Miller, Timothy M. Rankin, Grant W. Gonzalez, Bijan Najafi, and David G. Armstrong. 2015. A Passing Glance? Differences in Eye Tracking and Gaze Patterns Between Trainees and Experts Reading Plain Film Bunion Radiographs. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery , Vol. 54, 3 (2015), 382--391. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2014.08.013Google ScholarCross Ref
- Andrew Hollingworth and Valerie M Beck. 2016. Memory-based attention capture when multiple items are maintained in visual working memory. Journal of experimental psychology: human perception and performance, Vol. 42, 7 (2016), 911.Google ScholarCross Ref
- David Ingle. 1967. Two visual mechanisms underlying the behavior of fish. Psychologische Forschung , Vol. 31, 31 (1967), 44--51.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Fatemeh Jam, Hamid Azemati, Abdulhamid Ghanbaran, Jamal Esmaily, and Reza Ebrahimpour. 2021. The role of expertise in visual exploration and aesthetic judgment of residential building façades: An eye-tracking study. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts , Vol. 16 (2021), 148. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000377Google ScholarCross Ref
- Halszka Jarodzka, Kenneth Holmqvist, and Hans Gruber. 2017. Eye tracking in Educational Science: Theoretical frameworks and research agendas. Journal of Eye Movement Research , Vol. 10, 1 (2017), 4==10. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.1.3Google ScholarCross Ref
- John J. Jonides and Derek Evan Nee. 2006. Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory. Neuroscience, Vol. 139, 181--193 (2006), 181--193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.042Google ScholarCross Ref
- Stephen Kaplan. 1995. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology , Vol. 15, 3 (1995), 169--182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272--4944(95)90001--2Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alexander Keul, Florian Hutzler, Gerlinde Frauscher, and Andreas Voigt. 2005. Architrack - Evaluating architectural preferences via eyetracker. In Designing social innovation - Planning, building, evaluating, Bob Martens and Alexander G. Keul (Eds.). Hogrefe & Huber, 750 First Street NE, Washington, 55--63.Google Scholar
- Izabela Krejtz, Agnieszka Szarkowska, Krzysztof Krejtz, Agnieszka Walczak, and Andrew Duchowski. 2012b. Audio description as an aural guide of children's visual attention: evidence from an eye-tracking study. In Proceedings of the symposium on eye tracking research and applications (ETRA'12). Association for Computing Machinery, Santa Barbara, California, 99--106. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168572Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz, Agnieszka Szarkowska, and Agata Kopacz. 2016b. Discerning ambient/focal attention with coefficient K. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), Vol. 13, 3, Article 11 (2016), bibinfonumpages20 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2896452Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew Duchowski, Tomasz Szmidt, Izabela Krejtz, Fernando González Perilli, Ana Pires, Anna Vilaro, and Natalia Villalobos. 2015. Gaze transition entropy. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception , Vol. 13, 1 (2015), 4. https://doi.org/10.1145/2834121Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew T Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz, Agata Kopacz, and Piotr Chrz'stowski-Wachtel. 2016a. Gaze transitions when learning with multimedia. Journal of Eye Movement Research , Vol. 9, 1 (2016), 1--17. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.1.5Google ScholarCross Ref
- Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew T Duchowski, Katarzyna Wisiecka, and Izabela Krejtz. 2022. Entropy of Eye Movements While Reading Code or Text. In EMIP'22. Association for Computing Machinery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1--7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3524488.3527365Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krzysztof Krejtz, Izabela Krejtz, Andrew Duchowski, Agnieszka Szarkowska, and Agnieszka Walczak. 2012a. Multimodal learning with audio description: an eye tracking study of children's gaze during a visual recognition task. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception (SAP'12). Association for Computing Machinery, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 83--90. https://doi.org/10.1145/2338676.2338694Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krzysztof Krejtz, Tomasz Szmidt, Andrew T Duchowski, and Izabela Krejtz. 2014. Entropy-based statistical analysis of eye movement transitions. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA'14) (Safety Harbor, Florida) (ETRA '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 159--166. https://doi.org/10.1145/2578153.2578176Google ScholarDigital Library
- Micha? Krupa, Ma?gorzata Lisi'ska-Ku?nierz, ?ukasz Bednarz, and Alirza Mamedov. 2021. Eye-tracking study of the perception of contemporary works of architecture built in a historic cultural landscape on the example of German cities. Wiadomo?ci Konserwatorskie , Vol. Nr 66 (2021), 172 -- 181. https://doi.org/10.48234/WK66EYEGoogle Scholar
- Antoine Lhuillier, Christophe Hurter, and Alexandru Telea. 2017. FFTEB: Edge bundling of huge graphs by the Fast Fourier Transform. In 2017 IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis). IEEE, Seoul, South Korea, 190--199. https://doi.org/10.1109/PACIFICVIS.2017.8031594Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ma?gorzata Lisi'ska-Ku?nierz and Micha? Krupa. 2020. Suitability of Eye Tracking in Assessing the Visual Perception of Architecture-A Case Study Concerning Selected Projects Located in Cologne. Buildings, Vol. 10, 2 (2020), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10020020Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joel Martínez-Soto, Luis Alfonso de la Fuente Suárez, Leopoldo Gonzáles-Santos, and Fernando A. Barrios. 2019. Observation of environments with different restorative potential results in differences in eye patron movements and pupillary size. IBRO Reports , Vol. 7 (2019), 52--58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.1722Google ScholarCross Ref
- Matthew S. Mould, David H. Foster, Kinjiro Amano, and John P. Oakley. 2012. A simple nonparametric method for classifying eye fixations. Vision Research , Vol. 57 (2012), 18--25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.12.006Google ScholarCross Ref
- Helena Nordh, Caroline M. Hagerhall, and Kenneth Holmqvist. 2013. Tracking Restorative Components: Patterns in Eye Movements as a Consequence of a Restorative Rating Task. Landscape Research, Vol. 38, 1 (2013), 101--116. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2012.691468Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ralf Pacinotti. 2022. Audio describing churches: in search of a template. In The Routledge Handbook of Audio Description, Ch. Taylor and E. Perego (Eds.). Routledge, London, 246--262.Google Scholar
- Jonathan Peirce, Jeremy R. Gray, Sol Simpson, Michael MacAskill, Richard Höchenberger, Hiroyuki Sogo, Erik Kastman, and Jonas Kristoffer Lindeløv. 2019. PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods , Vol. 51, 1 (2019), 195--203. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-yGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Vsevolod Peysakhovich and Christophe Hurter. 2018. Scan path visualization and comparison using visual aggregation techniques. Journal of Eye Movement Research , Vol. 10, 5 (2018), 8--10. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.10.5.9Google ScholarCross Ref
- Vsevolod Peysakhovich, Christophe Hurter, and Alexandru Telea. 2015. Attribute-driven edge bundling for general graphs with applications in trail analysis. In 2015 IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis). IEEE, Hangzhou, China, 39--46. https://doi.org/10.1109/PACIFICVIS.2015.7156354Google ScholarCross Ref
- R Core Team. 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
- George E. Raptis, Christos Fidas, Christina Katsini, and Nikolaos Avouris. 2019. A Cognition-Centered Personalization Framework for Cultural-Heritage Content. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction , Vol. 29, 1 (mar 2019), 9--65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-019-09226--7Google ScholarCross Ref
- Marta Rusak. 2021. Eye-tracking support for architects, conservators, and museologists. Anastylosis as pretext for research and discussion. Heritage Science , Vol. 9 (2021), 1--19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00548--7Google Scholar
- Anthony Santella and Doug DeCarlo. 2004. Robust Clustering of Eye Movement Recordings for Quantification of Visual Interest. In Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA) Symposium. ACM, Association for Computing Machinery, San Antonio, TX, 27--34.Google Scholar
- Edward Stupple, Maggie Gale, and Christopher Richmond. 2013. Working memory, cognitive miserliness and logic as predictors of performance on the cognitive reflection test. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science society, Vol. 35. California Digital Library, Oakland, California, 1396--1401.Google Scholar
- Ann Sussman and Justin B. Hollander. 2021. Cognitive architecture: Designing for how we respond to the built environment. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
- Alexandru Telea and Ozan Ersoy. 2010. Image-Based Edge Bundles: Simplified Visualization of Large Graphs. Computer Graphics Forum , Vol. 29, 3 (2010), 843--852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467--8659.2009.01680.xGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Pieter J. A. Unema, Sebastian Pannasch, Markus Joos, and Boris M. Velichkovsky. 2005. Time course of information processing during scene perception. Visual Cognition, Vol. 12, 12(3) (2005), 473--494.Google Scholar
- Teija Vainio, Ilari Karppi, Ari Jokinen, and Helena Leino. 2019. Towards Novel Urban Planning Methods -- Using Eye-Tracking Systems to Understand Human Attention in Urban Environments. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI EA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3299064Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dirk van Moorselaar, Jan Theeuwes, and Christian NL Olivers. 2014. In competition for the attentional template: Can multiple items within visual working memory guide attention? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 40, 4 (2014), 1450.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Boris M. Velichkovsky, Markus Joos, Jens R. Helmert, and Sebastian Pannasch. 2005. Two Visual Systems and Their Eye Movements: Evidence from Static and Dynamic Scene Perception, In CogSci 2005: Proceedings of the XXVII Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Proceedings of the XXVII Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , Vol. 27, 2283--2288.Google Scholar
- Yanjun Wang, Liwei Wang, Siyuan Lin, Wei Cong, Jianfei Xue, and Washington Ochieng. 2021. Effect of Working Experience on Air Traffic Controller Eye Movement. Engineering, Vol. 7, 4 (2021), 488--494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.006 ioGoogle ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- A Unified Look at Cultural Heritage: Comparison of Aggregated Scanpaths over Architectural Artifacts
Recommendations
Future of Cultural Heritage
Diaspora, Identities, MemoriesEverything we do, create, and produce, such as intellectual and artistic works, performances, and so forth, can be defined as culture. We own a very rich cultural heritage of the past. Yet, the common cultural heritage that belongs to the humanity ...
Constructing a semantic wiki for living cultural heritage: case study of Korean tea culture
IMCOM '15: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and CommunicationIn recent years, the amount of digital content related to cultural heritage resources has been growing to such a degree that it can now be easily published and distributed. However, such digital content is limited to material manifestations, such as ...
Comments