ABSTRACT
Locating out-of-view vehicles can help pedestrians to avoid critical traffic encounters. Some previous approaches focused solely on visualising out-of-view objects, neglecting their localisation and limitations. Other methods rely on continuous camera-based localisation, raising privacy concerns. Hence, we propose the ARcoustic system, which utilises a microphone array for nearby moving vehicle localisation and visualises nearby out-of-view vehicles to support pedestrians. First, we present the implementation of our sonic-based localisation and discuss the current technical limitations. Next, we present a user study (n = 18) in which we compared two state-of-the-art visualisation techniques (Radar3D, CompassbAR) to a baseline without any visualisation. Results show that both techniques present too much information, resulting in below-average user experience and longer response times. Therefore, we introduce a novel visualisation technique that aligns with the technical localisation limitations and meets pedestrians’ preferences for effective visualisation, as demonstrated in the second user study (n = 16). Lastly, we conduct a small field study (n = 8) testing our ARcoustic system under realistic conditions. Our work shows that out-of-view object visualisations must align with the underlying localisation technology and fit the concrete application scenario.
- Abduladhem Abdulkareem Ali and Hussein Alaa Hussein. 2016. Distance estimation and vehicle position detection based on monocular camera. In 2016 Al-Sadeq International Conference on Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Applications (AIC-MITCSA). 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/AIC-MITCSA.2016.7759904Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tatsuya Amano, Shugo Kajita, Hirozumi Yamaguchi, Teruo Higashino, and Mineo Takai. 2018. Smartphone Applications Testbed Using Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 15th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services (New York, NY, USA) (MobiQuitous ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1145/3286978.3287028Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mingsian R. Bai, Shih-Syuan Lan, Jong-Yi Huang, Yi-Cheng Hsu, and Hing-Cheung So. 2020. Audio Enhancement and Intelligent Classification of Household Sound Events Using a Sparsely Deployed Array. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147, 1 (2020), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000492Google ScholarCross Ref
- Aaron Bangor, Philip Kortum, and James Miller. 2009. Determining what individual SUS scores mean: Adding an adjective rating scale. Journal of usability studies 4, 3 (2009), 114–123.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Patrick Baudisch and Ruth Rosenholtz. 2003. Halo: A Technique for Visualizing off-Screen Objects. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA) (CHI ’03). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1145/642611.642695Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Benyon. 2019. Designing User Experience. Pearson Educación.Google Scholar
- Felix Bork, Christian Schnelzer, Ulrich Eck, and Nassir Navab. 2018. Towards Efficient Visual Guidance in Limited Field-of-View Head-Mounted Displays. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 24, 11 (2018), 2983–2992. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2868584Google ScholarCross Ref
- John Brooke. 1996. SUS: A ’quick and dirty’ usability scale. In Usability Evaluation in Industry, Patrick W. Jordan, Bruce Thomas, Bernhard A. Weerdmeester, and Ian L. McClelland (Eds.). CRC Press, London, UK, Chapter 21, 189–194.Google Scholar
- Chia-Ming Chang, Koki Toda, Xinyue Gui, Stela H. Seo, and Takeo Igarashi. 2022. Can Eyes on a Car Reduce Traffic Accidents?. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (AutomotiveUI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546841Google ScholarDigital Library
- Paolo Chiariotti, Milena Martarelli, and Paolo Castellini. 2019. Acoustic beamforming for noise source localization–Reviews, methodology and applications. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 120 (2019), 422–448.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shuchisnigdha Deb, Daniel W. Carruth, Richard Sween, Lesley Strawderman, and Teena M. Garrison. 2017. Efficacy of virtual reality in pedestrian safety research. Applied Ergonomics 65 (2017), 449 – 460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.03.007Google ScholarCross Ref
- Najim Dehak, Patrick J. Kenny, Réda Dehak, Pierre Dumouchel, and Pierre Ouellet. 2011. Front-End Factor Analysis for Speaker Verification. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 19, 4 (2011), 788–798. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2010.2064307Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tamara Denning, Zakariya Dehlawi, and Tadayoshi Kohno. 2014. In Situ with Bystanders of Augmented Reality Glasses: Perspectives on Recording and Privacy-Mediating Technologies. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2377–2386. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557352Google ScholarDigital Library
- Henrik Detjen, Sarah Faltaous, Jonas Keppel, Marvin Prochazka, Uwe Gruenefeld, Shadan Sadeghian, and Stefan Schneegass. 2022. Investigating the Influence of Gaze- and Context-Adaptive Head-up Displays on Take-Over Requests. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (AutomotiveUI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546089Google ScholarDigital Library
- Debargha Dey, Azra Habibovic, Melanie Berger, Devanshi Bansal, Raymond H. Cuijpers, and Marieke Martens. 2022. Investigating the Need for Explicit Communication of Non-Yielding Intent through a Slow-Pulsing Light Band (SPLB) EHMI in AV-Pedestrian Interaction. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (AutomotiveUI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546086Google ScholarDigital Library
- Debargha Dey, Kai Holländer, Melanie Berger, Berry Eggen, Marieke Martens, Bastian Pfleging, and Jacques Terken. 2020. Distance-Dependent EHMIs for the Interaction Between Automated Vehicles and Pedestrians. In 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Virtual Event, DC, USA) (AutomotiveUI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1145/3409120.3410642Google ScholarDigital Library
- K Anders Ericsson and Herbert A Simon. 1984. Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data.the MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Alessandro Evangelista, Vito Modesto Manghisi, Francesco Laera, Michele Gattullo, Antonio Emmanuele Uva, and Michele Fiorentino. 2022. CompassbAR: A Technique for Visualizing Out-of-View Objects in a Mixed Reality Environment. In Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering II, Caterina Rizzi, Francesca Campana, Michele Bici, Francesco Gherardini, Tommaso Ingrassia, and Paolo Cicconi (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 141–148.Google Scholar
- Ting Fu, Luis Miranda-Moreno, and Nicolas Saunier. 2018. A novel framework to evaluate pedestrian safety at non-signalized locations. Accident Analysis & Prevention 111 (2018), 23–33.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joseph L Gabbard, J Edward Swan, and Adam Zarger. 2013. Color blending in outdoor optical see-through AR: The effect of real-world backgrounds on user interface color. In 2013 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). IEEE, 157–158.Google Scholar
- Chuang Gan, Hang Zhao, Peihao Chen, David Cox, and Antonio Torralba. 2019. Self-Supervised Moving Vehicle Tracking with Stereo Sound. arXiv:arXiv:1910.11760Google Scholar
- Jeff Gothelf. 2013. Lean UX: Applying lean principles to improve user experience. " O’Reilly Media, Inc.".Google Scholar
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Abdallah El Ali, Susanne Boll, and Wilko Heuten. 2018. Beyond Halo and Wedge: Visualizing out-of-View Objects on Head-Mounted Virtual and Augmented Reality Devices. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Barcelona, Spain) (MobileHCI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 40, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229434.3229438Google ScholarDigital Library
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Dag Ennenga, Abdallah El Ali, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2017. EyeSee360: Designing a Visualization Technique for out-of-View Objects in Head-Mounted Augmented Reality. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Spatial User Interaction (Brighton, United Kingdom) (SUI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1145/3131277.3132175Google ScholarDigital Library
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Ilja Koethe, Daniel Lange, Sebastian Weiß, and Wilko Heuten. 2019. Comparing Techniques for Visualizing Moving Out-of-View Objects in Head-mounted Virtual Reality. In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 742–746. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2019.8797725Google ScholarCross Ref
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Daniel Lange, Lasse Hammer, Susanne Boll, and Wilko Heuten. 2018. FlyingARrow: Pointing Towards Out-of-View Objects on Augmented Reality Devices. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (Munich, Germany) (PerDis ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 20, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205881Google ScholarDigital Library
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Andreas Löcken, Yvonne Brueck, Susanne Boll, and Wilko Heuten. 2018. Where to Look: Exploring Peripheral Cues for Shifting Attention to Spatially Distributed Out-of-View Objects. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Toronto, ON, Canada) (AutomotiveUI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1145/3239060.3239080Google ScholarDigital Library
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Tim Claudius Stratmann, Abdallah El Ali, Susanne Boll, and Wilko Heuten. 2018. RadialLight: Exploring Radial Peripheral LEDs for Directional Cues in Head-Mounted Displays. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Barcelona, Spain) (MobileHCI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 39, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229434.3229437Google ScholarDigital Library
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Tim Claudius Stratmann, Jinki Jung, Hyeopwoo Lee, Jeehye Choi, Abhilasha Nanda, and Wilko Heuten. 2018. Guiding Smombies: Augmenting Peripheral Vision with Low-Cost Glasses to Shift the Attention of Smartphone Users. In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct). 127–131. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct.2018.00050Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yuki Harada and Junji Ohyama. 2022. Quantitative evaluation of visual guidance effects for 360-degree directions. Virtual Reality 26, 2 (2022), 759–770.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sandra G. Hart. 2006. Nasa-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, 9 (2006), 904–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000909 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000909Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nargess Hassani and Michael J Murdoch. 2016. Color appearance modeling in augmented reality. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception. 132–132.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alberto Izquierdo, Lara del Val, and Juan J. Villacorta. 2021. Feasibility of Using a MEMS Microphone Array for Pedestrian Detection in an Autonomous Emergency Braking System. Sensors 21, 12 (2021), 4162. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124162Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jinki Jung, Hyeopwoo Lee, Jeehye Choi, Abhilasha Nanda, Uwe Gruenefeld, Tim Stratmann, and Wilko Heuten. 2018. Ensuring Safety in Augmented Reality from Trade-off Between Immersion and Situation Awareness. In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR.2018.00032Google ScholarCross Ref
- Moritz Kampelmühler, Michael G Müller, and Christoph Feichtenhofer. 2018. Camera-based vehicle velocity estimation from monocular video. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.07094 (2018).Google Scholar
- HyeongYeop Kang, Geonsun Lee, and JungHyun Han. 2019. Obstacle Detection and Alert System for Smartphone AR Users. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Parramatta, NSW, Australia) (VRST ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 2, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359996.3364256Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nazli Eser Kaya, Suzan Ayas, Canmanie Teresa Ponnambalam, and Birsen Donmez. 2018. Visual attention failures during turns at intersections: An on-road study. Victoria 1 (2018).Google Scholar
- Serkan Kiranyaz, Onur Avci, Osama Abdeljaber, Turker Ince, Moncef Gabbouj, and Daniel J Inman. 2021. 1D convolutional neural networks and applications: A survey. Mechanical systems and signal processing 151 (2021), 107398.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Marion Koelle, Matthias Kranz, and Andreas Möller. 2015. Don’t Look at Me That Way! Understanding User Attitudes Towards Data Glasses Usage. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Copenhagen, Denmark) (MobileHCI ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1145/2785830.2785842Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bettina Laugwitz, Theo Held, and Martin Schrepp. 2008. Construction and evaluation of a user experience questionnaire. In Symposium of the Austrian HCI and usability engineering group. Springer, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 63–76.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feng Liang, Stevanus Kevin, Holger Baldauf, Kai Kunze, and Yun Suen Pai. 2020. OmniView: An Exploratory Study of 360 Degree Vision Using Dynamic Distortion Based on Direction of Interest. In Proceedings of the Augmented Humans International Conference (Kaiserslautern, Germany) (AHs ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 5, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3384657.3384796Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alexander Marquardt, Christina Trepkowski, Tom David Eibich, Jens Maiero, Ernst Kruijff, and Johannes Schöning. 2020. Comparing Non-Visual and Visual Guidance Methods for Narrow Field of View Augmented Reality Displays. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26, 12 (2020), 3389–3401. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2020.3023605Google ScholarCross Ref
- Riccardo Mazza. 2009. Introduction to Information Visualization. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-219-7Google ScholarCross Ref
- Roberto Merino-Martínez, Pieter Sijtsma, Mirjam Snellen, Thomas Ahlefeldt, Jérôme Antoni, Christopher J. Bahr, Daniel Blacodon, Daniel Ernst, Arthur Finez, Stefan Funke, Thomas F. Geyer, Stefan Haxter, Gert Herold, X. Huang, William M. Humphreys, Quentin Leclère, A.M.N. Malgoezar, Ulf Michel, Thomas Padois, A. Pereira, Christophe Picard, Ennes Sarradj, Henri A. Siller, Dick G. Simons, and Carsten Spehr. 2019. A review of acoustic imaging methods using phased microphone arrays. CEAS Aeronautical Journal 10 (2019), 197–230.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Prashanth Mohan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Ramachandran Ramjee. 2008. Nericell: Rich Monitoring of Road and Traffic Conditions Using Mobile Smartphones. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (Raleigh, NC, USA) (SenSys ’08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1145/1460412.1460444Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vivian Genaro Motti and Kelly Caine. 2015. Users’ Privacy Concerns About Wearables. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Michael Brenner, Nicolas Christin, Benjamin Johnson, and Kurt Rohloff (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 231–244.Google Scholar
- Takuro Nakao, Masashi Nakatani, Liwei Chan, and Kai Kunze. 2016. Smart Glasses with a Peripheral Vision Display. In Proceedings of the 2016 Virtual Reality International Conference (Laval, France) (VRIC ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 16, 3 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2927929.2927938Google ScholarDigital Library
- Annie W.Y. Ng and Alan H.S. Chan. 2018. Color associations among designers and non-designers for common warning and operation concepts. Applied Ergonomics 70 (2018), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.02.004Google ScholarCross Ref
- Antti OI Nurminen and Konsta Mikael Sirvio. 2021. Bus Stop Spotting: A Field Experiment Comparing 2D Maps, Augmented Reality and 3D Maps. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (Toulouse and Virtual, France) (MobileHCI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 37, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447526.3472051Google ScholarDigital Library
- James F Parker Jr and Vita R West. 1973. Bioastronautics Data Book: NASA SP-3006.NASA Special Publication 3006 (1973).Google Scholar
- Margie Peden, Richard Scurfield, David Sleet, C Mathers, Eva Jarawan, AA Hyder, D Mohan, AA Hyder, and E Jarawan. 2004. World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization.Google Scholar
- Dalibor Pešić, Boris Antić, Draženko Glavić, and Marina Milenković. 2016. The effects of mobile phone use on pedestrian crossing behaviour at unsignalized intersections–Models for predicting unsafe pedestrians behaviour. Safety science 82 (2016), 1–8.Google Scholar
- Max Pfeiffer, Tim Dünte, Stefan Schneegass, Florian Alt, and Michael Rohs. 2015. Cruise Control for Pedestrians: Controlling Walking Direction Using Electrical Muscle Stimulation. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2505–2514. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702190Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jiamin Ping, Yue Liu, and Dongdong Weng. 2019. Comparison in depth perception between virtual reality and augmented reality systems. In 2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3d user interfaces (VR). IEEE, 1124–1125.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Benjamin Poppinga, Niels Henze, Jutta Fortmann, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2012. AmbiGlasses-Information in the Periphery of the Visual Field.. In Mensch & Computer, Vol. 12. 153–162.Google Scholar
- Karyn Pravossoudovitch, Francois Cury, Steve G Young, and Andrew J Elliot. 2014. Is red the colour of danger? Testing an implicit red–danger association. Ergonomics 57, 4 (2014), 503–510.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Amir Rasouli, Iuliia Kotseruba, and John K Tsotsos. 2017. Understanding pedestrian behavior in complex traffic scenes. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 3, 1 (2017), 61–70.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Francisco Rebelo, Paulo Noriega, Emília Duarte, and Marcelo Soares. 2012. Using Virtual Reality to Assess User Experience. Human Factors 54, 6 (2012), 964–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812465006Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joseph Redmon, Santosh Divvala, Ross Girshick, and Ali Farhadi. 2016. You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.91Google ScholarCross Ref
- ReSpeaker. 2023. ReSpeaker 6-Mic Circular Array Kit for Raspberry Pi | Seeed Studio Wiki. https://wiki.seeedstudio.com/ReSpeaker_6-Mic_Circular_Array_kit_for_Raspberry_Pi/ (Accessed on 04/19/2023).Google Scholar
- Simone Scardapane, Michele Scarpiniti, Marta Bucciarelli, Fabiola Colone, Marcello Vincenzo Mansueto, and Raffaele Parisi. 2015. Microphone Array Based Classification for Security Monitoring in Unstructured Environments. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 69, 11 (2015), 1715–1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2015.08.007Google ScholarCross Ref
- Torben Schinke, Niels Henze, and Susanne Boll. 2010. Visualization of Off-Screen Objects in Mobile Augmented Reality. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Lisbon, Portugal) (MobileHCI ’10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 313–316. https://doi.org/10.1145/1851600.1851655Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yannick Schulz, Avinash Kini Mattar, Thomas M. Hehn, and Julian F. P. Kooij. 2021. Hearing What You Cannot See: Acoustic Vehicle Detection Around Corners. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 6, 2 (2021), 2587–2594. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2021.3062254 arXiv:2007.15739Google ScholarCross Ref
- Valentin Schwind, Pascal Knierim, Lewis Chuang, and Niels Henze. 2017. "Where’s Pinky?": The Effects of a Reduced Number of Fingers in Virtual Reality. In Proceedings Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (CHIPlay ’17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1145/3116595.3116596Google ScholarDigital Library
- Adalberto L. Simeone, Robbe Cools, Stan Depuydt, João Maria Gomes, Piet Goris, Joseph Grocott, Augusto Esteves, and Kathrin Gerling. 2022. Immersive Speculative Enactments: Bringing Future Scenarios and Technology to Life Using Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors(CHI). ACM, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517492Google ScholarDigital Library
- Despina Stavrinos, Katherine W. Byington, and David C. Schwebel. 2011. Distracted walking: Cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians. Journal of Safety Research 42, 2 (2011), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2011.01.004Google ScholarCross Ref
- Leah L Thompson, Frederick P Rivara, Rajiv C Ayyagari, and Beth E Ebel. 2013. Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: an observational study. Injury prevention 19, 4 (2013), 232–237.Google Scholar
- J.-M. Valin, F. Michaud, J. Rouat, and D. Letourneau. 2003. Robust Sound Source Localization Using a Microphone Array on a Mobile Robot. In Proceedings 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003) (Cat. No.03CH37453), Vol. 2. IEEE, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1228–1233. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2003.1248813Google ScholarCross Ref
- Francisco Rivera Valverde, Juana Valeria Hurtado, and Abhinav Valada. 2021. There Is More than Meets the Eye: Self-Supervised Multi-Object Detection and Tracking with Sound by Distilling Multimodal Knowledge. arXiv:arXiv:2103.01353Google Scholar
- Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017).Google Scholar
- Tianyu Wang, Giuseppe Cardone, Antonio Corradi, Lorenzo Torresani, and Andrew T. Campbell. 2012. WalkSafe: A Pedestrian Safety App for Mobile Phone Users Who Walk and Talk While Crossing Roads. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems & Applications (San Diego, California) (HotMobile ’12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 5, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2162081.2162089Google ScholarDigital Library
- Peter Welch. 1967. The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: a method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Transactions on audio and electroacoustics 15, 2 (1967), 70–73.Google ScholarCross Ref
- B. Widrow. 2001. A Microphone Array for Hearing Aids. IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine 1, 2 (2001), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1109/7384.938976Google ScholarCross Ref
- Oliver J. Woodman. 2007. An introduction to inertial navigation. Technical Report UCAM-CL-TR-696. University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.48456/tr-696Google Scholar
- Robert Xiao and Hrvoje Benko. 2016. Augmenting the Field-of-View of Head-Mounted Displays with Sparse Peripheral Displays. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1221–1232. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858212Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jianghao Xiong, En-Lin Hsiang, Ziqian He, Tao Zhan, and Shin-Tson Wu. 2021. Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives. Light: Science & Applications 10, 1 (2021), 216.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peter Zeller 2009. Handbuch Fahrzeugakustik. Vol. 2. Springer.Google Scholar
- Xuesong Zhang and Adalberto L Simeone. 2022. Using the Think Aloud Protocol in an Immersive Virtual Reality Evaluation of a Virtual Twin. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction. 1–8.Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- ARcoustic: A Mobile Augmented Reality System for Seeing Out-of-View Traffic
Recommendations
Building and Employing Cross-Reality
This issue's Works in Progress department lists five projects with a focus on cross reality. The first two involve using Project Wonderland for collaborative projects. The next three use virtual and augmented reality to enhance user capabilities and ...
Augmented reality technologies, systems and applications
This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art of technology, systems and applications in Augmented Reality. It describes work performed by many different research groups, the purpose behind each new Augmented Reality system, and the difficulties and ...
You Invaded my Tracking Space! Using Augmented Virtuality for Spotting Passersby in Room-Scale Virtual Reality
DIS '19: Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems ConferenceWith the proliferation of room-scale Virtual Reality (VR), more and more users install a VR system in their homes. When users are in VR, they are usually completely immersed in their application. However, sometimes passersby invade these tracking spaces ...
Comments