To further extend the capability of super-resolution in XYZλθT 6 dimensions, we developed polarized structured illumination microscopy (Polar-SIM), which achieves super-resolution imaging of dipoles by interpreting the dipoles in spatio-angular (XYZθ) hyperspace. Further, the multi-wavelength excitation enables study of the dynamic interactions of subcellular organelles. We demonstrate the application of Polar-SIM on a series of biological filamentous systems, such as cytoskeleton networks and λ-DNA, and report the dynamics of short actin sliding across a myosin-coated surface. With the modulation of the incident angle, we can generate TIRF- or HiLo- illumiation for Polar-SIM. Also, for thick specimen, the structured illumination can be used with lower frequency to generate grid confocal, enabling the optical sectioning capability.
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