Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T00:33:49.325Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Sexual Orientation, Gender, and Families: Dichotomizing Differences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2020

Abstract

Throughout history, women and men have been seen as “opposites” in various respects. Examples from the writings of political theorists illustrate this point, while Virginia Woolf is shown to have departed radically from the general tendency to dichotomize sexual difference. Further, this “need” to dichotomize sexual differences contributes to anxiety about and stigmatization of homosexuality. As the social salience of gender becomes reduced, it is to be expected that hostility to homosexuality will decline.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aristotle, . 1953. The generation of animals. Trans. Peck, A. L.Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary. 1981. A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, A.P., and Weinberg, M. S. 1978. Homosexualities: A study of diversities amongst men and women. London: Mitchell Beazley.Google Scholar
Bern, Sandra L., and Bern, Daryl J. [1970] 1978. Homogenizing the American woman. In Feminist frameworks, ed. Jaggar, Alison and Struhl, Paula Rothenberg. Originally published in Beliefs, attitudes, and human affairs, ed. Daryl J. Bern. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Blumstein, Philip, and Schwartz, Pepper. 1983. American couples. New York: Morrow.Google Scholar
Broverman, I. K.et al. 1970. Sex‐role stereotypes and clinical judgements of mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychobgy 34(1): 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Joshua. 1992. Okin on justice, gender, and the family. The Canadian Journal of Philosophy 22(2): 263–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dover, Kenneth. [1978] 1989. Greek homosexuality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dunbar, J., Brown, M., and Vuorinen, S. 1973. Attitudes toward homosexuality among Brazilian and Canadian college students. The Journal of Social Psychology 90: 173–83.10.1080/00224545.1973.9712557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ely, Jon Hart. 1980. Democracy and distrust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fausto‐Sterling, Anne. 1985. Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Fausto‐Sterling, Anne. 1993. New York Times, 12 March, Op‐ed.Google Scholar
Fineman, Martha Albertson. 1991. Review of Justice, gender, and the family. Ethics 102(3): 647–49.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Anne B. 1988. History, homosexuality, and political values: Searching for the hidden determinants of Bowers v. Hardwick Yale Law Journal 97(6): 1073–103.Google Scholar
Harris, Mary B., and Turner, Pauline H. 198586. Gay and lesbian parents. Journal of Homosexuality 12(2): 101–13.Google Scholar
Harvard Law Review Editors. 1989. Sexual orientation and the law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hegel, G. W. F. 1952. The philosophy of right. Trans. Knox, T. M.Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/actrade/9780198241287.book.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie. 1989. The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking Penguin.Google Scholar
Koppelman, Andrew. 1988. The miscegenation analogy: Sodomy law as sex discrimination. The Yale Law Journal 98: 145–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krulewitz, J. E., and Nash, J. E. 1980. Effects of sex role attitudes and similarity on men's rejection of male homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38(1): 6774.10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.67CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kymlicka, Will. 1991. Rethinking the family. Philosophy and Public Affairs 20(1): 7797.Google Scholar
Laner, M. R., and Laner, R.H. 1979. Personal style or sexual preference? Why gay men are disliked. International Review of Modem Sociology 9: 215228.Google Scholar
Laner, M. R., and Laner, R.H. 1980. Sexual preference or personal style ? Why lesbians are disliked. Journal of Homosexuality 5(4): 339–56.10.1300/J082v05n04_01CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laqueur, Thomas. 1990. Making sex: Body and gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Law, Sylvia. 1988. Homosexuality and the social meaning of gender. Wisconsin Law Review 2:187235.Google Scholar
MacDonald, A. P., and Games, R. G. 1974. Some characteristics of those who hold positive and negative attitudes towards homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality 1: 927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, William H., and Johnson, Virginia E. 1978. Homosexuality in perspective. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
McCandlish, Barbara M. 1987. Against all odds: Lesbian mother family dynamics. In Gay and lesbian parents, ed. Bozert, Frederick W.New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Minnegerode, F. A. 1976. Attitudes toward homosexuality: Feminist attitudes and sexual conservatism. Sex Roles 2(4): 347–52.Google Scholar
Morin, S.F, and Garfinkle, E. M. 1978. Male homophobia. Journal of Social Issues 34(1): 2947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okin, Susan Moller. 1989. Justice, gender, and the family. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott, and Bales, Robert F. 1955. Family, socialization and interaction process. Glencoe IL: Pharr, Suzanne.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott, and Bales, Robert F. 1988. Homophobia: A weapon of sexism. Little Rock: Chardon Press.Google Scholar
Plato, . 1968. The republic of Plato. Trans. Bloom, Allan. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Plato, . 1961. Phaedrus, Symposium, Laws. In The Collected dialogues of Plato, ed. Hamilton, Edith and Cairns, Huntington. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 1992. Sex and reason. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rich, Adrienne. 1980. Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs 5(4): 631–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, Jean‐Jacques. 1979. Emile; or, On education. Trans. Bloom, Allan. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rubenfeld, Jed. 1989. The right to privacy. Harvard Law Review 737(4): 737807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storms, M. D. 1978. Attitudes toward homosexuality and femininity in men. Journal of Homosexuality 3: 257263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sunstein, Cass. Forthcoming 1996. Homosexuality and the constitution. In Laws and nature: Shaping sex, preference, and family, ed. Estlund, David and Nussbaum, Martha. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass. Forthcoming 1988. Sexual orientation and the constition. University of Chicago Law Review 55.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. 1983. Conceptions of masculinity and femininity as a basis for stereotypes of male and female homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality 9(1): 3753.10.1300/J082v09n01_04CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieira, Norman. 1988. Hardwick and the right of privacy. University of Chicago Law Review 55(4): 1181–191.10.2307/1599785CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, M.S., and Williams, C.J. 1975. Male homosexuals: Their problems and adaptations. Rev. ed. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Weston, Kath. 1991. Families we choose: Lesbians, gays, kinship. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. [1928] 1956. Orlando: A biography. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. [1929] 1957. A room of one's own. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. 1966. Three guineas. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar