Adolescents

, 32–33

sports participation

, 31

American youth sports

, 53

Athletic apparel companies

, 126

Athletic governing bodies

, 126–127, 134–135

Athletic visibility continuum

, 5–6, 108, 110–111

negotiating

, 113–114

Athletics Canada (AC)

, 127

Bicultural approach

, 142

British colonial rule

, 64–65

Californians

, 49

parents

, 48

sailing

, 53

Call to action

, 134, 141

Childhood socialization

, 141–142

Children

, 12, 14, 16, 19–20

Class strata

, 59

Coaches

, 12, 16–19, 74

comments about parents

, 17–18

Coach/parent relationship

, 15

Communication

, 17

gap

, 90–92

Context

, 110–111

Contextualization

, 46

Conventional Arab culture

, 61

Corporate marketing

, 125–126

Corporate sponsors

, 125–126, 134–135

Corporate sponsorship

, 124–125

Critical thematic analysis (CTA)

, 95

Cultural background

, 62

capital

, 60–61

practices

, 65

Cultural capital

, 60–61

Cultural change

, 100

Cultural (deficit) discourses

, 74

practices

, 75

Cultural script

, 46

Cultural socialization

, 141–142

Culture

, 58

Data analysis

, 63

Decision-making

, 46

Deficit thinking

, 75

Dominant social discourses

, 118

Economic capital

, 60–61

Economically dominant class (EDC)

, 48

Educational organizational cultures

, 54–55

Electronic communication

, 95–96

Elite athlete-mothers

, 125

Elite female athletes

, 124

findings

, 129–133

literature review

, 124–127

methods

, 127–129

Elite female distance runners

, 135–136

Elite running

, 125–126

Embodiment of inequality

, 61

Endurance sport identity

, 107–108

athletic visibility continuum

, 110–111

findings

, 113–118

literature review

, 108–110

methods

, 112–113

Epistemological belief

, 63

Eurocentric ocular

, 61

Extended family issues

, 97–98

Extracurricular activities

, 29

Familial values

, 59

Familism

, 75

Family socialization

, 141–142

Family-sport socialization

, 5, 141

Family system

, 90

Father’s absence on children, effects of

, 98–99

Father-child relationships

, 26

Fatherhood

, 36

Fathers

, 26, 108

Female athletes

, 125–127, 131

Female runners

, 126

Femininity

, 29–30, 111

Feminist methodologies

, 128

Field

, 61

Footballer

, 94

African

, 90

families

, 90

findings

, 95–100

methods

, 94–95

Nigerian

, 90

participant data

, 103

wives

, 94

Funding models

, 128

Gender

, 34

differences

, 33

dynamics

, 36

inequality

, 59

patterns

, 36

roles in Indian subcontinent

, 59–60

socialization

, 141–142

and sports

, 73–74

Gender relations

, 50

roles

, 51

Gender roles

, 109

shifting

, 109

Gendered

construction of sports

, 27

findings

, 32–35

literature review

, 27–30

methods

, 30–32

norms

, 61–62

space

, 27

stereotypes

, 25–36

Gendered values

, 46

division

, 50

division of labor

, 50

division of tasks

, 50

language

, 50

sailing practice

, 51

Girls and sports

, 73–74

Governing bodies

, 126–127

Great Sport Myth (GSM)

, 5, 12

findings

, 14–20

literature review

, 12–13

methods

, 13–14

Grounded theory approach

, 113

Habitus

, 61–62

Health card

, 127

Housework

, 108

Hymen rupture stigma

, 59, 62

findings

, 64–67

gender roles in Indian subcontinent

, 59–60

methods

, 62–63

social reproduction theory

, 60–62

Identity

, 108

“do it all”

, 109

maintenance

, 119–120

“super mom”

, 109

Indian subcontinent, gender roles in

, 59–60

Individual sponsorship model

, 126

Inheritance process

, 48

Intentionality

, 114

International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)

, 129

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 124–125

Interviews

, 14, 47, 62

in-depth

, 112

phenomenological

, 62

semi-structured

, 13, 47, 76, 94–95, 127–128

Intimacy loss on wives

, 99–100

Iron moms

, 107–108, 113–114

Iron-distance racing

, 111

Iron-distance training

, 110–111

Islamic laws

, 66

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

, 59–60

Latina teen athletes

, 82–83

Latinas and sports

, 73–74

findings

, 76–83

Latina teen athletes

, 82–83

literature review

, 74–76

methods

, 76

parental reluctance or lack of involvement

, 80–81

parents’ overprotection of daughters

, 81–82

sports as pathway to college

, 78–80

value of sports for girls

, 77–78

Latinx culture

, 82

Leadership

, 46

Liberal feminism

, 127–128

Loneliness, effects of

, 99–100

Long-distance marital communication

, 95–96

Marianismo

, 75

Masculine

characteristics

, 54–55

domination

, 54–55

hierarchies

, 52

identity

, 54–55

traits

, 46

values

, 46

Masculine-dominated sailing

, 54–55

Masculinity

, 26, 67

traditional

, 27

Maternal relationships

, 31, 34–35

“Me time”

, 115

Mental health stigma

, 65

Mom guilt

, 115–118

Mother–child relationships

, 27

Motherhood

, 36, 118, 125

Mothers

, 26–27, 29, 32–33, 112, 134–135

Muslim women

athletes

, 58–59

sport participation

, 59

National Analysis of School Sport New Zealand

, 13–14

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health Study, The

, 30–31

New Zealand

, 11–14

Nigeria

, 90

Nigerian culture

, 90–92

Nigerian footballers

, 94

Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL)

, 94

Nonelite sport

, 12

Olympics

, 130

Olympic moms

, 125

Ontological beliefs

, 63

Overinvolved parents

, 141–142

Overinvolvement

, 141–142

Pakistan

, 57–58, 63

Pakistani societal tapestry

, 59–60

Parental dominance

, 141–142

Parental involvement

, 80–81

Parental reluctance

, 80–81

Parental socialization

, 141–142

Parent–child relationships

, 141–142

Parenthood

, 124

Parenting

, 109

findings

, 47–52

methods

, 47

strategy

, 53

Parents

, 12, 14, 16, 21–22

Paternalistic culture

, 82

Paternalistic family culture, effects of

, 97

Patriarchal belief

, 59

chastity

, 125

constructs

, 126–127

norms

, 127–128

paradigms

, 126

society

, 127

structures

, 133

system

, 132

values

, 132

Patriarchal culture

, 142–143

Patriarchal families

, 82, 91

gender norms

, 82

Patriarchy

, 142–143

Physical deformities

, 65

Popular culture

, 59

Positionality in qualitative research

, 62–63

Post-colonial structures

, 59

Postpartum

, 125

Pregnancy

, 125

Privileged social classes

, 49–50

Professional female athletes

, 134

Qualitative research

, 47

Quinceañera effect

, 82

Radical feminist thought

, 127–128

Religious scriptures

, 59

Religious tenets

, 59

Sailing

, 54–55

regattas

, 49

school-based programs

, 47

Scholars

, 26

School sport sailing programs

, 54–55

Self-exclusionary behavior

, 52

Semi-structured interviews

, 128–129

Serious leisure

, 110–111

Sexism

, 111, 135–136

Snowball sampling

, 128–129

Social capital

, 60–61

Social class

distinction

, 53

hierarchies

, 52

norms

, 47

relationships

, 46

reproduction

, 46

Social control

, 142

sport as

, 5

Social institution

, 2–3

Social reproduction theory

, 59–60, 62

Socialization process

, 12–13, 141–142

Socio-critical ideas

, 46

Sociocultural norms

, 59

Sociology of family

, 1

Sponsorship

, 125–126

Sport Dispute Resolution Centre of Canada (SDRCC)

, 127

Sporting organizational cultures

, 54–55

Sports

, 1, 4, 27–28

governing bodies

, 126–128

marriage

, 1–2

participation

, 27–28, 32, 34–35

as social control

, 5, 141

socialization

, 141–142

spaces

, 28–29

Spouses

, 90

Stigmas

, 65

associated with race, religion, or nationality

, 65

Strategic essentialism

, 127–128, 135

Teamwork

, 16

Thematic analysis of interview data

, 95

Transgender

, 31

adolescents

, 31

Triathlon

, 107–108

Upper-class masculinity

, 47

Vaginal opening

, 58

Visibility

, 114

Western society

, 21

Women soccer athletes

, 60

Women’s virginity

, 58

Work–family challenges

, 5–6, 141

Youth sports

, 73–74