Accountability

, 84–85

Age

, 21

Aktiebolaget Trav och Galopp (ATG)

, 60, 65

Alcohol

, 94

Alleged feminisation of sports betting globally and in the United Kingdom

, 146–149

Animal welfare

issues

, 70–71

organisations

, 70–71

Ante-post auction

, 14

Anti-gamblers

, 18

Asian bookmaking company

, 132

Asian gambling companies, The

, 132–133

Asian gambling market, The

, 134, 137

Asian sports gambling market

, 131–132

fixers work

, 140–141

globalisation of corruption

, 137–140

Hill’s rule

, 139

lack of governance

, 139–140

legal and illegal markets

, 132

low vig, zero taxes and know-your customer

, 132–134

market for games

, 137–138

methods

, 130–131

relative exploitation

, 138–139

structure of illegal Asian sports gambling industry

, 134–136

Athletes

, 48–49

Australian Football League (AFL)

, 173

Aztecs

, 12

Baseball

, 20–21

Bet365 (British gambling firm)

, 1–2, 27, 48, 185, 188

BetMGM

, 2

Betting

, 146–147

companies

, 188

Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act (1961)

, 20

Betting Houses Act (1853)

, 19–20

Betting Offices

, 20

Big Data

, 43

economy

, 50

Big Gambling

, 186, 189

Bivariable analysis

, 96

Bivariable associations

, 98–99

Bookmaking

, 21

Booming industry

, 75–76

Bovril

, 26

Boxing

, 139

Brand activation strategies

, 34–35

Brand engagement in digital age

advertising and marketing in football

, 26–27

English premier league clubs and gambling partners

, 27

evoking cultural tradition

, 30–31

findings

, 30–35

methods

, 28–29

Newcastle United and FUN88

, 28

promoting gambling and generating business globally

, 31–33

Britain’s National Lottery

, 14–15

British Select Committees

, 12–13, 18

Broadcasters

, 173

Cambridge Analytica

, 46

Casinos

, 12

Celebrity endorsements

, 177

Celestial Church of Christ

, 114–115

Charter of Player Data Rights

, 42

Children, normalisation of gambling for

, 174–178

Christian Social Council

, 18–19

Christianity

, 122

Churches Committee on Gambling

, 18–19

Class

, 21

Club fandom

, 90–91

Clubs

, 82–83

Collective Bargaining Agreement

, 42

‘Commercial determinants of health’ concept

, 186

Commodification of data

, 45–46, 51–52

Comprehensive public health approach

, 171, 178–179

Continuous control

, 189

Corruption, globalisation of

, 137–140

Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

, 62

COVID-19

, 64

Cricket

, 149

Cultural justifications of horse racing sectors

, 63–66

‘Cut soap for me’ phenomenon

, 120

Cutting edge technology

, 188–189

Data

, 28–29, 51

critical questions for future of data governance

, 50–53

revolution

, 6, 42–43

and societal discontents

, 43–46

Datafication

of society

, 43

of sport

, 46–50

Datafied society

, 45–46

Deconstructing gambling as ‘normal’ and ‘risk-free’ activity

, 82

Denormalising gambling

, 81

in sports clubs

, 80–84

Digital data

, 47

economy

, 46

sets

, 43

Digital gambling ecosystem

, 2

Digital products

, 59

Digital technologies

, 43, 50

Disembedded gambling

, 188–189

Dismantling gambling-related language

, 83–84

E-bay

, 132–133

EAGS, The

, 150–152

Economic pressure

, 85–86

Educational sessions

, 82

Educational strategies

, 179

Eire betting offices

, 15

Electronic gambling machines (EGMs)

, 59

Elite athletes

, 46

Emerging adult

, 151–152

English Football Association

, 18

English Premier League (EPL)

, 26

clubs and gambling partners

, 27

EU Rural Development Programme

, 59–60

European Commissioner for Consumer Protection

, 44

European contexts

, 62

European Enlightenment

, 13

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

, 62

European Trade Agreement (ETA)

, 62

Exploratory research design

, 113

Fancy, The

, 15–16

Fetish

, 110

Fetishism

, 110

FIFA World Cup (1970)

, 32

FIFA World Cup (2018)

, 138

FIFPRO

, 42

Financial harms

, 159

Financial justifications of horse racing sectors

, 63–66

Finland

, 59

Finnish Veikkaus, The

, 63–64

Five-star system

, 140–141

Folk religion

, 110

in Nigeria

, 111–112, 120, 122

realities of folk religion in gambling among young Nigerians

, 116–117

Football

, 26–27, 90, 149

advertising and marketing in

, 26–27

banter

, 35

data

, 49–50

gamblers

, 34–35

pools

, 14–15, 20

self-reported motivations for placing football bets

, 98

talk

, 35

Football Association

, 48–49

Football betting

bivariable associations

, 98–99

data analysis

, 96

design and participants

, 93–94

measures

, 94–96

methods

, 93–96

multivariable associations

, 99–100

onset and source of initiation of

, 97

platforms

, 90

prevalence estimates

, 97

procedure

, 96

research questions

, 93

results

, 96–100

sample characteristics

, 96–97

self-reported motivations for placing football bets

, 98

French Pari Mutuel Urbain (PMU)

, 68

FUN88

, 28–29, 31–32, 34

GambleAware

, 34

‘Gamblification’ of sport

, 1, 48, 75–76, 90, 147, 185

Gambling

, 33, 53, 58, 63, 75–76, 91–92, 110–111, 119

advertising strategies

, 170–171

adverts

, 119

alignment between gambling products and promotions and sporting contexts

, 172–173

brands

, 30, 48

companies

, 42, 101–102, 185

corporations

, 188–189

dismantling gambling myths and deconstructing normalising sports cultures

, 83–84

firms

, 42–43

football and male gamblers

, 34–35

gambling-related match-fixing

, 78

and generating business

, 31–33

harms and women

, 150–151

industry

, 189–190

normalisation of gambling for children and young people

, 174–178

normalisation of gambling in sports clubs

, 77–80

partners

, 27

products

, 172

realities of folk religion in gambling among young Nigerians

, 116–117

role of marketing in normalisation of gambling for young people

, 175–178

sponsorship

, 149

systematised in Nigeria

, 120–122

Gambling Act (2005)

, 20, 27, 31–32, 48, 147–149

Gambling Commission, The

, 147, 185

Games, market for

, 137–138

Gaming

, 12

Gaming Act (1845)

, 19–20

Gaming Act (2006)

, 91–92

Gender

, 21

determinants of sports betting among young people and relationship with

, 149–150

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

, 42, 44, 51

German-based Croatians, The

, 140

Ghana

, 91–92

Ghana Football Association (GFA)

, 137

Ghana Gaming Commission

, 91–92

Ghanaian context

, 92–93, 103–104

Glaser’s grounded theory (Glaser’s GT)

, 114

Global leisure economy

, 1–2

Global public health threat, normalisation of gambling as

, 171–172

Globalisation

, 135–136

of corruption

, 137–140

Globalised sports gambling market

, 137–138

Google

, 28–29

Google Forms

, 96

Google Scholar

, 28–29

Governance, lack of

, 139–140

Governments

, 21

Grassroots European sports clubs

, 76

Grassroots sports clubs

, 76

Gross gambling revenue (GGR)

, 61–62

Hill’s Rule

, 139

Historical justifications of horse racing sectors

, 63–66

Hong Kong Jockey Club

, 132

Horse industry

, 59–60

Horse racing

, 15–16, 57–58, 69, 71

animal and jockey welfare issues

, 70–71

costs of operation

, 66–68

data

, 61

expansion and prospects of Nordic horse racing industries

, 68

historical, cultural and financial justifications of horse racing sectors

, 63–66

impression management and justifications

, 69

income statement analysis

, 62–63

industry

, 59

limitations and suggestions for further studies

, 71

methods

, 59–63

provision

, 61

results

, 63–68

surplus for state and to sector

, 69–70

text analysis

, 61–62

Horse sector

, 58

House of Lords Select Committee on Betting in 1902

, 19–20

Human–material nexus

, 52–53

Hustling

, 112

Hyper-commodification

, 26–27

Igbominas

, 113

Illegal Asian market

, 137

Illegal Asian sports gambling industry, structure of

, 134–136

Illegal bookmakers

, 134

Illegal markets

, 132

Illegal sports gambling networks

, 136

Impression management

, 61

and justifications

, 69

Incision

, 121

Income statement analysis

, 62–63

Income statements (IS)

, 61

India’s Calcutta Turf Club Derby

, 14

Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

, 152

Inducement marketing

, 176–177

Inductive content analysis (ICA)

, 114

Industry stakeholders

, 59

Industry-funding streams

, 3

Integrity matters

, 80–84

deconstructing gambling as ‘normal’ and ‘risk-free’ activity

, 82

dismantling gambling myths and deconstructing normalising sports cultures

, 83–84

normalisation of gambling in sports clubs

, 77–80

tackling social norms and pressures

, 82–83

International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities (IFSA)

, 57–58

International sport

, 137

Internet betting

, 92–93

Internet of Things

, 45–46

Islam

, 122

Jockey Club, The

, 16

Jockey welfare issues

, 70–71

Juju

, 110

Kayan mata products

, 111–112

Kenilworth cigarettes

, 11–12

Key informants (KI)

, 113

Know-your customer

, 132–134

Knowledge

, 51–52, 122

Kwara State Bureau of Statistics, The

, 113

Ladbrokes

, 17

Lancet Commission

, 179

Landmark University Centre for Research, Innovation, and Development (LUCRID)

, 113–114

Laws

, 19

Legal inequalities

, 19

Legal markets

, 132

Legality

, 132–133

Leicester City FC

, 27

Logistic regression models

, 155

London’s White Conduit Club

, 16

Low vig

, 132–134

Low-commission business model

, 133

Luck

, 122–123

Madman Welfare

, 121

Major League Baseball (MLB)

, 42

Male gamblers

, 34–35

Market(ing)

costs

, 67–68

for games

, 137–138

role in normalisation of gambling for young people

, 175–178

strategies

, 122–123

Mass Observation study

, 15

Match–fixing

, 130

Mathematical probability

, 13

Middle-class commentators

, 18

Middle-class credit betting

, 17

Middling groups

, 17

Mobster

, 134

Moral and Social Reform Council

, 18–19

Multivariable analysis

, 96

Multivariable associations

, 99–100

Murky market

, 138

National Anti-Gambling League

, 18–19

National Lottery Authority (NLA)

, 91–92

Neoliberal capitalism

, 187–191

Newcastle United

, 28, 31

match programme

, 30

Twitter

, 28–29

Newcastle United Football Club (FC)

, 28

Nigeria

folk religion and gambling systematised in

, 120–122

folk religion and sports betting in

, 111–112

NodeXL Pro application

, 28–29

Non-gambling revenues

, 62

Nordic horse racing industries, expansion and prospects of

, 68

Normalisation

of gambling as global public health threat

, 171–172

of gambling for children and young people

, 174–178

of gambling in sports clubs

, 77–80

role of marketing in normalisation of gambling for young people

, 175–178

of sports betting globally and in United Kingdom

, 146–149

young people’s support for action

, 178

North American tribal societies

, 12

Norway

, 59

Observational learning

, 174

Online gambling

, 112

Online sports betting markets

, 75–76

Paddy Power

, 48, 188

Pari–mutuel system

, 14

Peer-to-peer betting

, 13

Peers

, 102

People’s Republic of China

, 13

Performance data

, 42–43

Personal analytics

, 45

Personnel costs

, 68

Post-industrial economies

, 187

Power

, 186

Premier League

, 42

broadcasting

, 35

club

, 80

Prevalence estimates

, 97

Problem gambling

, 3, 91

Productivity harms

, 159

Profits over earnings (P/E)

, 130–131

Project Red Card

, 42, 49–51

Public health

, 171

concern

, 147

researchers

, 170–171

Pugilistic Society, The

, 16

Qatar World Cup (2022)

, 82–83

Quantitative method

, 131

Racecourse Betting Control Act (1928)

, 20

Ready Money Football Betting Act (1920)

, 20

Relationship harms

, 159

Relative exploitation

, 138–139

Research

, 21

Responsibility

, 84–85

Responsible gambling

, 3, 7, 64, 83–84, 179

Return to players (RTP)

, 61

Rights of individuals

, 44, 51

Royal Commissions on gambling

, 12–13

Rugby

, 149

Safeguarding

, 80–81, 84–85

Sapinas

, 140

School-based gambling education programmes

, 84

Secular objections

, 18

Self-reported motivations for placing football bets

, 98

Shaggi’s testimony

, 116

Silicon Valley

, 46

Singaporean-based Chinese, The

, 140

SkyBet

, 48

Soap making

, 120, 123

Social networks

, 15–17

Social pressure

, 85–86

Social theory

, 4

Society’s acceleration

, 43–44

Socio-demographic variables

, 94

Sociological imagination

, 186–187

Sociologists

, 45

Sociology

, 4

Solitary betting

, 17

South American tribal societies

, 12

Sponsorship managers

, 26

SportRadar

, 138–139

Sports

, 13–14, 50, 75–76, 170–171, 173, 178–179, 191

datafication of

, 46–50

dismantling gambling myths and deconstructing normalising sports cultures

, 83–84

integrity

, 80–81

leagues

, 82–83

lottery

, 14, 20

organisations

, 80, 82–83

Sports betting

, 90–91, 158

change over time in sports betting systems

, 13–15

changing regulation of

, 19–21

consumption

, 188–189

in context

, 187–191

determinants of sports betting among young people and relationship with gender

, 149–150

expansion

, 190–191

in Nigeria

, 111–112

opposition to

, 17–19

rise, normalisation and alleged feminisation of sports betting globally and in United Kingdom

, 146–149

surveillance and control

, 189–190

Sports clubs

, 76, 80, 82

denormalising gambling in

, 80–84

normalisation of gambling in

, 77–80

Sports gambling

, 13, 15, 17, 189

change over time in sports betting systems

, 13–15

changing regulation of sports betting

, 19–21

class, age and gender

, 21

critical questions for future of

, 50–53

industry

, 52

opposition to sports betting

, 17–19

products

, 188

social networks and sports gambling

, 15–17

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)

, 93–94

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

, 90, 110

Sub-Saharan African territories

, 2

Surplus for state and to sector

, 69–70

Sweden

, 57–59

Swedish market

, 14–15

Sweepstakes

, 20

tickets

, 14

Tackling Gambling Stigma project

, 163–164

Taxation

, 187–188

Technology

, 27, 43

firms

, 46

Tennis

, 138

Thematic analysis

, 29

Tradition

, 31

Traditional media

, 29, 33

Traditional oath-taking

, 111

‘Trans-local’ stadia

, 2

Triangulation

, 130–131

Trickle-down effect

, 53

Twitter

, 28–29

UEFA European Women’s Football Championship (2022)

, 34–35

UK Gambling Act (2005)

, 52–53

Unhealthy commodity goods

, 76

Unhealthy commodity industries (UCIs)

, 186

Unibet

, 2

UNICEF

, 179

United Kingdom, The

, 13, 52–53

data and methodology

, 151–152

determinants of sports betting among young people and relationship with gender

, 149–150

football pyramid

, 42

gambling harms and women

, 150–151

relationship between harms and women sports bettors

, 158–159

results and analysis

, 152–155

rise, normalisation and alleged feminisation of sports betting globally and in

, 146–149

UK Gambling Commission

, 80

women sports bettors

, 155–158

United Kingdom’s Industry Group for Responsible Gambling (IRRG)

, 34

United States Department of Justice, The (DoJ)

, 139

Univariable analysis

, 96

University of Ghana

, 93–94

US consumer survey report (2019)

, 101

US Supreme Court

, 2

Virginia tobacco

, 11–12

Virtual betting

, 59

Welfare society model

, 59

Wet Kansspelen Op Afstand (KOA)

, 76

Whilst sampling bias

, 163–164

WHO

, 45, 179

WHO/Lancet/UNICEF commission

, 174

Women

, 150–151

Women sports bettors

, 155–158

relationship between harms and

, 158–159

Yahoo plus

, 111–112

Yahoo yahoo

, 112

Young adults

, 91

Young gamblers in Nigeria

, 119

Young Nigerians

concepts developed from study

, 122–123

ethical consideration

, 113–114

folk religion and gambling systematised in Nigeria

, 120–122

folk religion and sports betting in Nigeria

, 111–112

gamblers

, 122–123

method

, 113–115

realities of folk religion in gambling among

, 116–117

results

, 114–115

sampling

, 113

site selection

, 113

Young people

, 177

determinants of sports betting among young people and relationship with gender

, 149–150

marketing in normalisation of gambling for

, 175–178

normalisation of gambling for

, 174–178

support for action

, 178

Youth gamblers

, 112

Youth gambling

, 91–92

Youth sport

, 80

Zero taxes

, 132–134