Academic vocabulary, importance of

, 172–173

Acculturative processes

, 244

Adapt (Adaptation)

, 159–160, 292–293

Administrative linkages

, 15–16, 22–23

Affective exhibition design

, 202

Aleppo Compatriotic Charitable Organisation

, 53

Alienation

, 129–130

Aliens Act of 1906

, 242

Alternative for Germany

, 156

American emigrants

, 93–94

Americans Living Overseas

, 95–96

Arab racial identity

, 243–244

Armenia

, 3

Armenia’s Law on Refugees

, 50

Armenian branch of World Vision International Charitable Organisation

, 53

Armenian-Syrian relations

, 52

Artists

, 293

ASEAN policy

, 81

Asian Regional Forum (ARF)

, 85

Assimilation

of immigrants

, 156–157

second-generation

, 156–157

Asylum seeker (s)

, 78

Asylum arrivals and politics of ‘Pacific Solution’

, 86–88

Australia policy and roots of Australia’s perceived insecurity

, 79–80

deterrence, humanitarianism and contemporary policies

, 88–90

dichotomy between refugees and

, 81–82

hansonism, immigration and debates on Australia’s identity

, 82–84

Tampa and deterioration of Australia’s relations with Indonesia

, 84–85

Australia

, 78

debates on Australia’s identity

, 82–84

policy and roots of Australia’s perceived insecurity

, 79–80

political discourse

, 78–79

Australian delegations

, 81

Autoethnography

, 224

Bali Process

, 85

Banyarwanda

, 278–279

Barred from investments

, 106–107

Behaviour management

, 173

Biculturalism

, 203–205

Biden administration

, 18–19

Bill of Rights

, 16

Birth certificate

, 131

Boat people

, 81

Border (s)

, 4–5, 13–14

Boundary (ies)

, 1

Brennan Centre for Justice

, 66–67

California Values Act (see Senate Bill 54 (S54))

Canada

, 133

Canadian regionalism

, 240

Central America

, 138

Central Americans

, 20

Centre for Coordination of Syrian Armenians

, 53

Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS)

, 5–6, 157–158

overview and findings

, 163–164

‘Children overboard’ scandal

, 86–87

Children’s literature

, 170–172, 180

Chinese community

, 203

Chinese immigration

, 202, 213, 215

biculturalism, multiculturalism or interculturalism

, 203–205

Chinese and New Zealand immigration legislation

, 205–206

Chinese displays

, 212–213

national narratives

, 206–210

‘Our Voices’

, 217–218

regional narratives

, 210

Sojourners to Settlers

, 215–217

Windows on a Chinese Past

, 210–212

Citizen

, 4

citizenship

, 3

non-citizen

, 4

Citizenship

, 129–130

Citizenship Law of Armenia

, 51

Civil society

, 17–18

civil society organisations (CSOs)

, 4–5, 24, 29, 32, 34, 292–293

Civil War

, 94–95

Class

, 5

differences

, 124

Classical assimilation theory

, 158–159

Climate change

, 138

impacts and agriculture in Honduras

, 140–143

impacts and food insecurity

, 143–146

Coffee

, 142

Cold War

, 81–82

Commonwealth Immigration Restriction Act (1901)

, 79–80

Community language (see Family language)

Community leaders

, 293

Comparative integration context theory

, 159–160

Comparative migration studies

, 156–157

Compassionate, Just and Wise Immigration Reform

, 23–24

Compassionate migration

, 23–24

and ‘sanctuary’

, 23–25

jeopardising fundamental rights of immigrants

, 16–19

spaces and practices of ‘sanctuary’

, 19–23

Consonant acculturation

, 159

Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC)

, 100

Contemporary policies

, 88–90

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

, 44–45

Cours de langue pour les immigrants au Canada (CLIC)

, 187

COVID-19 pandemic

, 144–145

Crimes Enforcement Network

, 93–94

Criminalisation of migration

, 16–19

Critical place theory (CPT)

, 125–127

intersectionality

, 127–130

place as intersectional position

, 130–135

Critical queer studies

, 127

Critical race feminism

, 127

Critical race theory (CRT)

, 127

Critical white studies

, 127

Cultural practices with material objects

, 262–265

Culture

, 5

bicultural (ism)

, 203–205

intercultural (ism)

, 203–205

multicultural (ism)

, 203–205

Depression

, 186

Deterrence

, 88–90

Diasporas

, 1, 124, 239, 256, 275, 292

African

, 131–132

Armenian

, 67

challenging diasporic boundaries

, 256–259

cultural practices with material objects

, 262–265

Hutu

, 274–275

hybrid histories

, 265–270

Indian

, 254–255

Lebanese

, 258

methodology

, 259–261

negative

, 280

positive

, 280

re-memories for young migrants

, 261–270

Rwandan

, 280

site of research

, 259–260

South Asian

, 254–255

struggles

, 2

Tutsi

, 275

Ukrainian

, 238–239

Diasporic

experience

, 7

identity

, 275–276

Differentiated writing instruction

academic vocabulary

, 179

context of study and methods

, 174–176

holistic quality

, 178–179

implications for instruction

, 180–183

importance of academic vocabulary

, 172–173

measures

, 178

observations

, 179

pre-test and post-test procedures

, 176

purpose and research questions

, 173–174

results

, 179–180

scope and sequence

, 176–178

social–emotional learning, behaviour management and engagement

, 173

writing and culturally situated response to literature

, 171–172

Digital diaries

, 260–261

Digital technology

, 256

Dislocation

, 129–130

Dissonant acculturation

, 159

Diversity

cultural

, 209–210

linguistic

, 169–170

of settlement services in different cities in Canada

, 189–191

Domestic ethnicity

, 240, 245

host-region of Newfoundland

, 240–241

Lebanese domestic ethnicity in Newfoundland

, 242–246

Ukrainian domestic ethnicity in Newfoundland

, 246–251

Domestic spaces

, 254–255

Domestic workers

, 35

Downward assimilation

, 164

Dynamic systems theory (DST)

, 224–225

Ecosystems

, 143–144

Effectiveness of National Integration Strategies for Children of International Migrants (EFFNATIS)

, 157–158

Emergency Food Security Assessments

, 145–146

Emotional attachments

, 257–258

Emotional wellness

, 186

Employment, loss of access to or other difficulties with

, 112

Engagement

, 173

English Language Learners (ELLs)

, 170

English Language Proficiency Level

, 178

English-speaking academic community

, 170

Ethnic identity formation processes

, 239

Ethnicity

, 238

EuroMed Rights

, 33–34

European Commission

, 2–3, 29

Family Reunification Approach

, 32

Labour Integration Approach

, 30–31

SRH

, 31

European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

, 33–34

European Union (EU)

, 30

GBV approach

, 31–32

European Way of Life policy

, 30–31

Exclusion

, 3

legal

, 2

political

, 2

social

, 2

Expat

, 4

Expedited removal

, 17

Expert interviews

, 53

Exploitation

, 29

Family language

, 224

post-reflection

, 233–235

shared framework

, 224–233

Family Reunification Approach

, 32

issues

, 38–39

FAO

, 140

Fast upward mobility

, 165–166

Financial accounts

, 107–108

Food insecurity

, 138, 146

Food production

, 140

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)

, 95, 99

France’s National Rally

, 156

Frazer government

, 81–82

Freedom of speech

, 18–19

Front-line staff

, 186

expressing a need for more training

, 193–196

Funder priorities impacting responsiveness

, 191–193

Gender

, 5, 124

Gender Equality Strategy

, 30–31

Gender-based violence (GBV)

, 2–3, 29

approach

, 31–32

issues

, 39–41

Genocide deniers

, 286

Geographies

, 4

German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ)

, 53

GILTI

, 109–111

Gini Index

, 138

Global Climate Risk Index (CRI)

, 139

Grief

, 282

Hansonism

, 82–84

Health practitioners

, 293

Healthcare providers (HCP)

, 37

Heritage language. (see Family language)

Heroes of La Union

, 42

High expense of compliance

, 104–105

Higher education institutions

, 292

Homeland

, 50, 52

Homeland Security Act (2002)

, 16

Honduras

, 138

climate change impacts and agriculture in

, 140–143

climate change impacts and food insecurity

, 143–146

Host society

host-region

, 240–241

Hostland

, 254

Household assets, loss of access to

, 109

Human dignity

, 28–30

access to SRH services

, 36–38

CSOs and NGOs

, 32–34

European Commission’s Family Reunification Approach

, 32

European Union’s GBV approach

, 31–32

human security approach

, 41–42

issues

, 41

Labour Integration Approach

, 30–31, 34, 36

policy options

, 42–45

SRH

, 31

steps to take for revised policy

, 45

Human rights

, 86–87

Human security approach

, 41–42

Human trafficking

, 29

issues

, 39–41

Humanitarianism

, 88–90

Hurricanes

, 142

Hurricanes Eta and Iota

, 142–144

Hutu diaspora

, 274–275

Hybrid histories

, 265–270

Identity

, 224–225

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA)

, 17

Imagined communities

, 257

Immigrants

, 2, 50, 187, 207, 210

illegal

, 87–88

jeopardising fundamental rights of

, 16–19

permanent

, 67

unauthorised

, 15–16

undocumented

, 38–39

Immigration

, 50, 53, 82, 84, 156

Chinese

, 202, 213, 215

federalism

, 21

legislation

, 203

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

, 161

Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC)

, 6

Immigration studies

, 4

Impacts

, 140, 143, 146

Inclusion

, 2

existing policies and practices

, 5

Indian daughters

, 256

Inequality

, 138

Inherent dignity

, 28–29

Instability

, 147–148

Integration

, 50, 52

Integration Course

, 230

Intercultural burden

, 226

Interculturalism

, 203–205

Interdisciplinarity

, 2, 292–293

Interdisciplinary

, 292

Internally Displaced People (IDPs)

, 139

Internet

, 269

Intersectional oppressions

, 128

Intersectional subjugation

, 128–129

Intersectionality

, 127–130

studies

, 130

Investment

, 226–227

Irregular migrants

, 18–19

Irregular migration

, 78

Istanbul Convention

, 33–34, 44–45

Judi Rever

, 277

Labour Integration Approach

, 30–31, 34, 36

Language

, 5, 223–224

Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada programme (LINC programme)

, 6, 186

Latino critical theory (LatCrit)

, 127

Lawful permanent resident (LPR)

, 73

Lebanese Association of Newfoundland and Labrador

, 242–243

Lebanese Community

, 242–243

Lebanese diaspora

, 238–239

Lebanese domestic ethnicity in Newfoundland

, 242–246

Lebanese-Canadians

, 238

Lebanese-Newfoundlanders

, 239, 242

Legal status

, 4–5

Liberal Coalition Party

, 81–82

Liberal-National Coalition

, 82–83

Linear assimilation model

, 158–159

Linguists

, 293

Local community

, 188–189

Local culture

, 244

Local non-profit role in service delivery

, 187–188

Low mobility

, 165–166

Made-in-Newfoundland ethnicity

, 250–251

Maidan protests in Ukraine (2013–2014)

, 250

Marginalisation

, 214

Material culture

, 254

Memory

, 254–255

Mental health

diversity of settlement services in different cities in Canada

, 189–191

emotional wellness

, 186

importance in integration

, 188–191

methods

, 189

social and emotional support

, 6

Mexico

, 13–14

Migrant (s)

, 1, 14, 78

caravans

, 142–143

integration

, 30

labour

, 36

women

, 2–3, 28–29, 34

young

, 261–270

Migrant Protection Protocols (M. P. P.)

, 18–19

Migration

, 1, 78, 124, 143–144, 292

compassionate

, 23–25

exhibition

, 202

illegal

, 87–88

irregular

, 78

labour

, 36

struggles

, 2

undocumented

, 148

Migration Act

, 80

Ministry of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC)

, 187

Mobility injustice

, 128–129

Multiculturalism

, 203–205

Multiplier effect

, 166

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

, 203, 206, 210

Museums

, 202

Muslim ban

, 3, 66–67, 76

human impacts

, 69–71

numbers

, 72–75

possibilities for protest limited

, 75–76

progression

, 68–69

protest and solidarity

, 67–68

Yemeni migration in context

, 71–72

Muslims

, 3

US Muslims

, 66–67

MV Tampa

, 84–85

Narratives

, 224

Nation

, 129–130

National Origin–Based Antidiscrimination for Nonimmigrants Act (NO BAN ACT)

, 75–76

National Visa Centre (NVC)

, 70–71

Nationalism

, 257

Nativism

, 24

Nauru Files

, 89–90

Negative diaspora

, 280

‘New protectionism’ policy

, 80

New York City’s Taxi Workers Alliance

, 67–68

New Zealand

, 202–203

New Zealand Maritime Museum Hui TeAnanui a Tangaroa (NZMM)

, 203, 206, 210

Newcomers

, 186

Newfoundland

, 239

9/11 attacks

, 66–67

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

, 4–5, 29, 32, 34, 53, 292–293

Non-violent dissent

, 67–68

Not-for-profit

, 111

Offshore processing

, 78

One Nation Party

, 83–84

One-discipline approach

, 293

Oppressed people

, 127–128

Oppressions

, 124, 127

‘Our Voices’

, 217–218

Out-migration

, 144

Pacific Islands Labourers Act of 1901

, 80

Pacific Solution

, 86–88

Pact on Migration and Asylum

, 32

Papa New Guinea (PNG)

, 86

Participatory rights-based approach

, 260–261

Passports

, 207–210

Patriot Act (2001)

, 16

Pedagogues

, 293

Penalisation of investments and retirement vehicles

, 105–106

Perpetrator

, 277

Personal identities

, 227–228

Personal responsibility

, 227

Philosophy of place

, 125

PhotoVoice

, 260–261

Place

, 4, 123–124, 292

as intersectional position

, 130–135

philosophy of place

, 125

placism

, 4, 124, 292

Place-based stigma

, 133

Placism

, 4, 124, 292

Placist thinking

, 124

Polarisation

, 165–166

Policies

banking

, 125

of citizenship

, 160–161

of detention

, 275

to educate and empower

, 25

of enforcement

, 16

of exclusion

, 14

exclusionary

, 156

immigration

, 14

of inclusion

, 14

integration

, 28–29

intercultural

, 167–168

interventionist

, 20

migration

, 31

multicultural

, 167–168

nativist

, 3

of prevention

, 66

refugee

, 87

of regularisation

, 42–43

of resettlement

, 66–67

of reunification

, 68

sanctuary

, 21

of sexual and reproductive health

, 2–3

state

, 14

Trump administration

, 17–18

Policy

comprehensive engagement

, 82–83

foreign

, 82–83

immigration

, 83

intersectional

, 28–29

migration

, 147–148

pacific solution

, 86–88

public

, 66

refugee

, 87

remain in Mexico

, 18–19

white Australia

, 79–80

zero tolerance

, 88

Policymaking/policmakers

, 78

Positive diaspora

, 280

Post-test

measures

, 178

procedures

, 176

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

, 186

Postmodern ethnicity

, 241

Pre-test

measures

, 178

procedures

, 176

Private individuals

, 292

Protest

, 67–68

Psychological trauma

, 37–38

Public Health Service Act of 1944

, 18–19

Punjabi Sikh community

, 157, 159

Quota Act of 1924

, 161

Race

, 5, 124

Racial Discrimination Act of 1975

, 80

Racial equality

, 80

Re-memories for young migrants

, 261–270

Re-placing gender

, 134

Reflective dance

, 240

Reflective domestic ethnicity

, 240

Refugee students

, 170

Refugees

, 50, 170–171

Regionalism

, 133–134

Religion

, 5

Religious leaders

, 293

Remain in Mexico policy (see Migrant Protection Protocols (M.P.P.))

Repatriates

, 51–52

Repatriation Tax

, 109–111

Republic of Armenia (RA)

, 50

Return migration

, 161

Right-wing nationalists

, 13–14

Rudd government

, 87

Rwanda

, 274–276, 279

methodology and results

, 281

narratives of trauma

, 281–285

narratives of victimhood and self-censorship

, 285–288

world vs.

, 279–281

Rwandan American diaspora communities

, 7

Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA)

, 277

Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)

, 274–275

Sanctuary

, 2

compassionate migration and

, 23–25

jurisdiction (s)

, 16

policies

, 14

spaces and practices of ‘sanctuary’

, 19–23

Saskatoon organisation

, 190

Second-generation assimilation

, 156–157

CILS

, 163–164

development of second-generation studies

, 157–158

differentiating US and European contexts

, 160–163

theories

, 158–160

TIES

, 164–167

Secure Communities

, 22–23

Securitisation

, 16–19

of migration

, 28–29

Segmented assimilation theory

, 159–160

Selective acculturation

, 159

Self-censorship, narratives of

, 285–288

Self-marking

, 248

Senate Bill 54 (S54)

, 21–22

Senate Bill 79 (S79)

, 22–23

Sense of belonging

, 257

Serbian identity

, 228–229

Serbian language

, 229

Services

, 197–198

Settlement, Integration and Language Projects (SILP)

, 187

Settlement sector programming

, 188–189

Settlement services in Canada

, 186–187

accessing services and supports

, 197–198

emotional wellness

, 186

hesitancy amongst clients

, 197

issues

, 196–198

local non-profit role in service delivery

, 187–188

mental health importance in integration

, 188–191

structural constraints and impacts

, 191–196

Sexism

, 28–29

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH)

, 2–3, 31

access to SRH services

, 36–38

Sexual assault

, 39–41

Slow mobility

, 165–166

Social perception

, 227

Social workers

, 293

Social-emotional support

, 174, 181

Social–emotional learning

, 173

Solidarity

, 67–68

Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)

, 17

Space (s)

, 4

domestic space

, 254–255

Special hardships for entrepreneurs and small business owners

, 109–111

Stagnation

, 164

State funding

, 188–189

States and local governments embracing ‘sanctuary’ laws

, 21–23

Student demographics

, 169–170

Symmathesy

, 224–225

Syria

, 28

Syrian-Armenians

, 50

in Armenia

, 55–58

Armenian-Syrian relations and Syrian-Armenian migration/diaspora experience

, 52

methodology

, 52–53

migration/diaspora experience

, 52

situation and changes

, 53–55

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017)

, 109–111

Taxation

, 125

Thai-Cambodian border camps

, 81

The Integration of the European Second Generation (TIES)

, 157–158

overview and findings

, 164–167

The Integration of the European Second Generation project (TIES project)

, 5–6

Theory

comparative integration context theory

, 159–160

critical place theory

, 125–127

segmented assimilation theory

, 159–160

Toitū Otago Settlers Museum

, 210

Transnational repression

, 274

Trauma, narratives of

, 281–285

Trust Act

, 22

Tutsi RPA

, 277

Twice migrants

, 257–258

U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CORC)

, 86–87

U.S. Department of Homeland Security (D.H.S.)

, 16

Ukrainian diaspora

, 238–239

Ukrainian domestic ethnicity in Newfoundland

, 246–251

Ukrainian-Canadians

, 238

UN’s Declaration of Human Rights

, 28–29

Union of Syrian-Armenians

, 53

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR)

, 78–79, 291

United States

, 94, 275

Americans Living Overseas

, 95–96

challenges

, 96–98

citizenship

, 112–117

contemporary practices of sanctuary in

, 20–21

myth

, 98–117

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH)

, 145

Upward assimilation

, 164

Urban developers

, 293

US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)

, 70

US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (I.C.E.)

, 15–16

Victim/victimization

, 277

Victimhood, narratives of

, 285–288

Vocabulary

, 170–171

Western Canada

, 198

White Australia policy

, 80

Windows on a Chinese Past

, 210–212

Women of colour

, 128

Woomera detention centre

, 86–87

World Food Programme (WFP)

, 140, 145–146

Writing

, 170–171

and culturally situated response to literature

, 171–172

Xenophobic/xenophobia

, 24, 28–29, 156

Yemenis

, 69–71

migration in context

, 71–72

Young immigrants

, 7

Young migrants, re-memories for

, 261–270

‘Zero-tolerance’ policy

, 17–18