Index
S. Janaka Biyanwila
(Independent Researcher, Australia)
ISBN: 978-1-83797-023-0, eISBN: 978-1-83797-022-3
Publication date: 17 October 2023
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
Biyanwila, S.J. (2023), "Index", Debt Crisis and Popular Social Protest in Sri Lanka: Citizenship, Development and Democracy Within Global North–South Dynamics (Diverse Perspectives on Creating a Fairer Society), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-022-320231009
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2023 S. Janaka Biyanwila
INDEX
Astract markets
, 137
Accountability
, 62
Accumulation by dispossession
, 114, 150, 162, 185, 190, 193
Action Plan
, 28–30
Active citizen
, 182
Activists
, 34–36
Agency
, 152
Algorithmic finance
, 170
Anti-colonial struggles
, 7
in Sri Lanka
, 12
Anti-corruption
, 49–52
movement in India
, 142
Anti-muslim discrimination
, 68–69
Anti-narcotic crusades
, 8
Apple
, 169
Aragalaya
, 1, 13–14, 29, 35, 40, 111, 135, 150, 154–155, 173, 182–183
collective leadership
, 41
leadership
, 157
mobilisation
, 190
movement politics
, 175
multi-class alliance
, 187–188
participatory democracy model
, 192
politico-aesthetic strategies
, 40
repression
, 188
statement
, 174
Aragalaye Smarakaya
, 39
Aryurveda
, 80–81
Audit Service Commission (ASC)
, 56, 101
Auditor General
, 100
Authoritarian (fascist) tendencies
, 8
Authoritarian populism
, 81
Autocratic strategies
, 139
Bakeriya Kattiya
, 39–40
Bandung Conference (1955)
, 63
Batalanda Commission (1998)
, 117–118
Belonging
, 12, 83
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
, 64
Benevolent state
, 159–164
‘Black July’ anti-Tamil pogrom
, 40
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS)
, 5
Bribery Commission
, 55, 100, 105–106
British colonialism
, 2
Buddhist Power Army
, 69
Bureaucratic efficiency
, 55, 57
Capital accumulation
, 169
Casualisation
, 123, 170
Censorship
, 148
Central Bank
, 4, 57–59, 62
Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA)
, 106
Ceylon Petroleum Corporation (CPC)
, 58–59, 99
Ceylon Teachers’ Union
, 80
China
, 5–6, 13, 50, 63–67, 73, 80, 83, 86, 87, 94, 178, 184
China–Sri Lanka Relations
, 64–65
Citizen activists
, 34
Citizenship
, 12, 164–167, 191–193
rights
, 135, 164
Civil society
, 139–142
Class
, 144–146
(see also Middle-class)
formations
, 122–123
Collective agency
, 176
Collective leadership
, 9, 29, 34, 41–42, 179
Collective learning
, 157–159
Collective mobilisation
, 192
Colombo Port City Economic Commission Act
, 64
Colombo Stock Exchange
, 96–97
Colonialism
, 5, 11, 128, 141, 151, 161
Commercial values
, 129
Commercialisation of state
, 98–101
Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption (CIABOC)
, 98
Committee on Public Enterprises (COPE)
, 97
Commodification
, 169
Commons
, 22–23, 184
Commonwealth Games
, 61–62
Communist movement
, 155
Communist Party (CP)
, 48, 146
Competitive individualism
, 123, 137
Constitutional Council
, 55–56
Cooperatives (Co-ops)
, 93, 102, 120, 122, 128, 186, 189
Corporate citizenship
, 166
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
, 140
discourse
, 166–167
Corruption
, 45–46, 73–75, 139–142
Counter-hegemonic movements
, 154, 173–177
Credit-rating agencies
, 97
Criminal networks
, 8, 54, 76–77, 88, 135, 146, 160, 162, 185
Cultural recognition
, 115–116, 118, 129, 144–145
Debt
, 4–5, 190
cancellation
, 143
crisis
, 93–98
debt-service burdens
, 5
relief
, 143
Decent work
, 172, 190
Demilitarisation
, 135, 162–164, 188–189
Democracy
, 188–189
Democratic renewal
, 13, 135
citizenship, community, markets and human rights
, 164–167
counter-hegemonic movements and solidarity
, 173–177
democratic social movements and global south
, 150–159
democratisation of states and markets
, 167–173
patrimonial capitalism
, 136–144
representative politics
, 144–150
state repression and benevolent state
, 159–164
Democratic social movements
, 135, 150–159
Democratisation of states and markets
, 167–173
Deregulation of financial markets
, 93–98
Deva kannalawwa (beseeching gods)
, 40
Development
, 4–5, 10, 135, 171–173
Digital activism
, 37
Digital algorithms
, 169
Digital economy
, 171
Disembedding
, 10
Dispossession
, 193
Drug addictions
, 161–162
Earth democracy
, 173
Easter Sunday
, 6, 20, 24, 25, 46, 52, 68, 85, 87, 117, 118, 120, 129
Ecological crisis
, 166
Ecology of knowledge
, 11
Economic growth
, 4, 10, 63, 111, 135, 142, 143, 149, 171, 178, 179, 185
Economic inequality
, 120
Economic rent
, 138
Education
, 11, 60
Eelam People’s Democratic Party (EPDP)
, 50
Election Commission
, 55
Elite classes
, 139, 142–144
Emancipatory politics
, 174–175
Emergency powers
, 159
Empire
, 2, 5, 86
Employee Provident Fund (EPF)
, 95
Epistemic relativism
, 81
Ethno-nationalism
, 6–8, 12
Ethno-nationalist
, 6, 12, 86
Eurocentric
, 10, 141
Export-oriented growth strategies
, 4
Extrajudicial execution
, 160
Facebook (FB)
, 169, 171
activists
, 36
Faith healing
, 80–81
Family Background Report (FBR)
, 108
Farmer struggles
, 111–112
Federation of University Teachers Association (FUTA)
, 26, 118
Fertiliser ban
, 111–112
Finance
, 59–60
Financial markets
, 168–171
deregulation of
, 93–98
Financial system
, 95–96
Financialisation
, 13, 128, 168–169, 189–191
Fossil fuel
, 58, 110, 138
Free Media Movement (FMM)
, 38, 106
Frontline Socialist Party (FSP)
, 25, 30, 34, 84, 148
Gajaba regiment
, 71–72, 77, 139
Galle Face Green
, 20, 33, 71
Gender dynamics
, 144–146
Global north
, 5, 13, 34, 50, 60, 65, 69, 87, 106, 140, 143, 150, 166, 178, 184, 189, 191
Global north–south dynamics
, 5–6
Global production networks (GPNs)
, 10
Global south
, 5–6, 9–11, 86–87, 122, 128, 138, 142, 143, 150–159, 162, 167, 170, 178, 183, 189
Good governance (Yaha Paalanaya)
, 19, 46, 51–52, 55
Good life
, 172
Good society
, 9, 11
Gota Go Gama (GGG)
, 3, 18–20, 22, 183
disbanding of
, 33–34
diversity within
, 23
key feature
, 9
9 May Attack on
, 26–28
politico-aesthetic of
, 38–41
Governance
, 139–142
Government debt
, 94–95
Greek Bonds
, 61–62
Green economy
, 172
Grey area
of economic activity
, 75, 87–88
of state governance
, 159–160
of state violence
, 43, 76, 147, 161–162, 178
‘Growth and development’ strategies
, 6
Hambantota port (2007)
, 64
Hegemonic bloc
, 139, 149
Heteropatriarchy
, 29, 151, 159, 166, 182
Household debt
, 95–96
Human rights
, 164–167
Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka (HRCSL)
, 38, 83
Human security
, 189
Human–elephant conflict (HEC)
, 111, 113–114
‘Illegitimate’ debt
, 5, 135, 142–144
Illicit financial flows (IFFs)
, 103–105
Imperialism
, 5–6, 155
Impunity
, 8, 55, 117, 159
India–Sri Lanka Relations
, 65–67
Indirect taxes
, 103, 106
Inequality
, 2, 120
class formations and precariat
, 122–123
labour movement and middle-class
, 126–128
unpacking middle-class
, 125–126
working-classes and labour force
, 123–125
Inter-University Student’s Federation (IUSF)
, 25, 34, 84, 118
Internal ethnic relations
, 67
anti-muslim discrimination
, 68–69
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Act (ICCPR Act)
, 167
International Sovereign Bonds (ISBs)
, 93, 95
International Truth and Justice Project (ITJP)
, 117
Investment
, 58
speculation (see rent seeking)
real investment
, 4, 58–59, 62, 86–87, 138, 178, 185, 187, 190
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)
, 6, 8–9, 34, 146
Journalism
, 37, 38, 147
Journalists for Democracy in Sri Lanka (JDS)
, 117
Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture in South Africa
, 142
Kandy Esala Perahera
, 107
Knowledge production
, 12, 155
Kotelawala Defence University (KDU)
, 60, 84
Labour force
, 123–125
Labour movement
, 93, 126–128, 187
Labour regimes
, 43, 109, 123, 160
Lanka Puthra Bank
, 99–100
Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP)
, 48, 146
Legal enclaves
, 103–105
Lessons Learned and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC)
, 67
LGBTQ+ community
, 35
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
, 8, 49–50
Life politics
, 154, 174, 175
Living well
, 171–173
Lobbying in United States
, 62–63
Local governments
, 10
Local–global dynamics of tax architecture
, 103
Mahara Prison
, 82
Mahaveerar Naal (Heroes’ Day)
, 86
Mahinda Chintanaya (Rajapaksa policy vision)
, 56, 59–60
Mainstream media
, 3, 18, 21, 27, 32, 46, 64, 81
Maltreatment
, 82–85
Marginalisation of Tamil and Muslim communities
, 145–146
Market-driven economy
, 4, 146–147
Market-driven tendencies
, 136–144
Markets
, 164–167
Mass mobilisation
, 1
in Colombo
, 30–32
Mattala International Airport (2010)
, 64
Middle-class
labour movement and
, 126–128
unpacking
, 125–126
Migrant workers
, 108–109
remittances
, 92–93, 108–109, 111, 129
Mihin Lanka airline
, 99–100
Militarisation of state
, 70
military policing and prisons
, 76–78
military procurement, corruption and murder of journalists
, 73–75
private security companies and military
, 75–76
Military
, 75–76
policing
, 76–78, 82
procurement
, 73–75
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)
, 53
Moral economy
, 9, 62, 141, 193
Moral hazard
, 143
Moral protest
, 153
Movement politics
, 185–187
Mullivaikkal Memorial
, 115
Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day
, 28, 115
Multi-class alliances
, 187–188
Murder of journalists
, 73–75
Music
, 70
Muslim communities
, 13, 46, 118
Muslim Women’s Research and Action Forum (MWRAF)
, 9
National economy
, 47
project
, 4, 13
National Medicines Regulatory Authority (NMRA)
, 110
National People’s Power (NPP)
, 34
National Police Commission
, 55
National Procurement Commission (NPC)
, 56, 101
National security
, 8, 105, 182
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
, 156
Neo-liberal
, 62, 137–138, 154, 172, 184
Non-Aligned Movement
, 63
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
, 22
Non-hierarchical internal relations
, 9
Non-violence
, 22
Occupied zone
, 22–23
Occupy Galle Face
, 19
Office of Missing Persons (OMP)
, 116
One Galle Face
, 19–20, 71
Pandemic (2020)
, 78, 106
and discrimination against Tamil and Muslim communities
, 85–86
faith healing and aryurveda
, 80–81
lessons
, 183–185
and markets in health services
, 109–111
migrant workers and remittances
, 108–109
military policing and Mahara Prison
, 82
pandemic-induced disruption
, 92
restrictions, maltreatment and suppression of protests
, 82–85
state interventions
, 78–80
Parliamentary Council
, 55–56
Participatory democracy model
, 44, 172, 192
Participatory parity
, 165, 168, 173, 180, 191
Party formations
, 144–146
Party politics
, 146–147
Party-independent movements
, 26
Patriarchy
, 11, 108, 137, 174, 193
Patrimonial capitalism
, 13, 136
elite classes and hegemonic bloc
, 139
governance, civil society and corruption
, 139–142
illegitimate debt and elite classes
, 142–144
state paternalism to market paternalism
, 136–138
Patriotism
, 49–52
People’s Council
, 165
Peoples’ movement
, 2
debt and development
, 4–5
framing argument
, 9–12
global north–south dynamics
, 5–6
popular movements
, 8–9
representative politics, ethno-nationalism and violence
, 6–8
structure of argument
, 12–14
uprising
, 3
Plantation workers
, 126
Platform economies
, 13, 168–171, 189–191
Podujana Peramuna (People’s Front)
, 46, 52
Police Narcotics Bureau
, 160
Political crisis
, 92
Bribery Commission and Right to Information
, 105–106
commercialisation of state
, 98–101
debt crisis and deregulation of financial markets
, 93–98
inequality
, 120–128
pandemic
, 106–111
popular discontent
, 111–120
tax reforms
, 101–105
Political parties
, 155–157
independence from
, 9
Political representation
, 44, 191
Politico-aesthetics
, 175
of GGG
, 38–41
Politics of lifestyle
, 174
Politics of recognition
, 6, 13, 146, 164, 174, 178, 180
Politics of redistribution
, 6, 93, 126, 128, 146–147, 149, 187, 191
Politics of representation
, 191–192
Popular discontent
, 111
enforced disappearances
, 116–118
fertiliser ban and farmer struggles
, 111–112
HEC
, 113–114
remembrance of victims of civil war
, 115–116
SAITM
, 118–120
Tamil oppression in north and east
, 114–115
Popular movements
, 8–9, 44
Popular uprising
, 8, 18
activists
, 34–36
collective leadership
, 41–42
disbanding of GGG
, 33–34
GGG unfolding
, 23–26
mass mobilisation in Colombo
, 30–32
9 May Attack on GGG and Counter-Attack
, 26–28
occupied zone
, 22–23
politico-aesthetic of GGG
, 38–41
regrouping after May Attack and Action Plan
, 28–30
social media activist
, 37–38
state repression
, 42–43
Port City Economic Commission
, 64
Poverty
, 120–121
Precariat
, 122–123
Presidential powers, concentration and centralisation of
, 55–56
Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA)
, 8, 43, 68
Prisons
, 76–78
surveillance
, 8
system
, 161–162
Private medical universities
, 59–61
Private security companies
, 75–76
Public accountability
, 100–101
Public bank
, 99–100
Public debt
, 94
(see also Debt)
Public good
, 105, 154, 184
Public involvement in decision-making
, 149
Public pension fund
, 95
Public sector enterprises, diversity of
, 100–101
Public Security Ordinance and the Prevention of Terrorism Act
, 24
Public Service Commission
, 55
Public sphere
, 164, 168
multiplicity of publics
, 11, 64, 128, 165, 168, 191
publics
, 11, 64, 128, 165, 168, 191
Public-driven economy
, 11, 193
Public–private partnerships (PPPs)
, 93
Rajapaksa Anti-corruption Commission
, 53–54
Rajapaksa Regime
, 4, 7–9, 18–19, 46
economic strategies
, 13, 56–63
external relations
, 66
internal ethnic relations
, 67–69
key actors of Rajapaksa family
, 47–56
militarisation of state
, 70–78
pandemic (2020)
, 78–86
regional relations
, 63–67
Rakna Arakshaka Lanka (Rakna)
, 75
Re-localisation
, 184
Real investment
, 4, 58–59, 62, 86–87, 138, 178, 185, 187, 190
(see Investment)
Red Flag Women’s Movement
, 124
Redistribution
, 172
Redistributive justice
, 11
Regional relations
, 63
China–Sri Lanka Relations
, 64–65
India–Sri Lanka Relations
, 65–67
Religious tourism
, 108
Remembrance of victims of civil war
, 115–116
Remittances (see Migrant workers)
Rent
, 138
Rent-seeking activities
, 58
Rentier economy
, 65, 67, 77–78, 185, 190
Representative democracy
, 173, 179, 185
Representative politics
, 6–8, 51, 144–145, 174, 185–187
market-driven economy, party politics and working-class politics
, 146–147
party formations
, 144–146
party politics, workers, women and media 2010–2022
, 147–150
Resistance
, 187–188
Right of Information (RTI)
, 72, 105–106
Risk management
, 62
Ruling bloc
, 139
Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB)
, 20–21, 51
Samurdhi
, 121
Satyagraha campaign
, 113, 153
Sinhala-Buddhist ethno-nationalism
, 123
Sinhala-Buddhist ethno-nationalist project
, 6–7
Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism
, 2, 19, 47, 166
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
, 124
Social media activists
, 36–38
Social movements
, 13, 150, 191–193
and collective learning
, 157–159
and internal dynamics
, 151–155
and political parties
, 155–157
and representative party politics
, 153
Social protection
, 4, 10, 123, 129, 136–137, 169
Social protests
, 154
Social provisioning
, 10–11, 59, 66, 92, 94, 121, 127, 186
Social reproduction domain
, 10
Social safety net
, 121
Solidarity
, 173–177
mechanical
, 174
organic
, 174
South Asia
, 87, 96, 178, 184
South Asian Institute of Technology and Medicine (SAITM)
, 60, 118–120
Specified Business Enterprises (SBEs)
, 100–101
Speculation
, 58, 169
Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP)
, 46, 48, 145
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC)
, 146
Sri Lankan Airlines
, 48, 99
Sri Lankan Army
, 105–106
Sri Lankan debt crisis
, 4–5
State paternalism to market paternalism
, 136–138
State repression
, 42–43, 159–164
State-owned enterprises (SOE)
, 98, 100
public accountability
, 100–101
Struggle of love
, 3, 9, 22
Surveillance
, 11, 44, 160, 190
System change
, 193
Tamil communities
, 7, 13, 36, 65, 66, 85, 115, 118, 129, 145
Tamil National Alliance (TNA)
, 67
Tamil oppression in north and east
, 114–115
Tax reforms
, 92, 101
legal enclaves and illicit financial flows
, 103–105
local–global dynamics of tax architecture
, 103
and Sugar Scandal
, 102–103
Torture
, 53, 72, 117, 160
Tourism
, 11, 41, 71, 92–93, 106–109, 144, 188
Trade unions
, 4, 19, 23, 63, 80, 142, 187
Transnational corporates (TNCs)
, 138
Transparency
, 62
Transparency International–Sri Lanka (TISL)
, 106
Treasury Bond Scandal
, 97–98
UN Committee Against Torture (UNCAT)
, 72
UN mission in Haiti
, 72
Unearned income
, 138
Unipolar project
, 5–6, 143, 184
United National Party (UNP)
, 145
United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)
, 67
Urbanisation
, 110, 114, 125, 129, 150
Value-added tax system (VAT system)
, 103
Violence
, 2, 5–8
within party politics
, 54–55
Viyathmaga
, 57
War on drugs
, 161
Welfare state
, 120, 122, 140
Welikada prison riot
, 76–77
Well-being
, 14, 172
Working-class politics
, 146–147
Working-classes
, 123–125, 187–188
World Social Forum (WSF)
, 151
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
, 8, 140, 150
Youth for Change (YFC)
, 41, 177
- Prelims
- 1. Introduction: The Challenges of Democracy, Development and Popular Movements
- 2. The Popular Uprising: Collective Action, Activists and Strategies
- 3. The Rajapaksa Regime: Development, Regional Alliances, Militarisation and the Pandemic
- 4. Reasons for the Crisis: Financialisation, Commercialisation of the State, Popular Discontent and Inequality
- 5. Prospects of Democratic Renewal: Patrimonial Capitalism, Representative and Movement Politics
- 6. Lessons: Demilitarisation, Development and Democracy
- Appendix: A Modest Proposal for a Public-Driven Economy in Sri Lanka
- Bibliography
- Index