Abolition

, 182–183

Abolitionist anti-racism

, 61–62

Abolitionist movements

, 182–186

Abolitionists

, 168–169

Aboriginal Protection Act (1960)

, 206

Abstract liberalism

, 234

Affirmative action policies

, 88, 204–205

Africa

, 13

African National Congress (ANC)

, 192

Alaska Equal Rights Act, The

, 206

Algorithmic bias

, 248

Allyship

, 214

American Anti-slavery Society

, 185

American slavery

, 41

Anthropology

, 1–2

Anti-apartheid struggle

, 191–192

Anti-Asian attitude

, 101

Anti-black racism

, 101

Anti-discrimination

interventions

, 204

policies

, 205–207

Anti-indigenous attitudes

, 102–103

Anti-racism

, 3–4, 12, 16, 161–162, 214, 217–218, 229–230, 246, 250, 254–255

action

, 219

affirmative action policies

, 204–205

allyship and solidarity

, 214

anti-discrimination policies

, 205–207

approaches

, 201–203, 208, 219

apps

, 239–240

awareness

, 210–211

backlash against

, 232–234

colour-blind ideology

, 234–235

community engagement

, 215–216

contemporary global challenges

, 230–232

critique of

, 249–251

D&I

, 212–213

decolonisation and

, 237–238

definitions, ideas and concepts

, 163, 165–166

in digital platforms

, 221

directions

, 15–16

education

, 211–212

effective

, 221–223

EOP

, 207–208

everyday anti-racism

, 219–220

evolution of anti-racist ideas

, 166–169

framework

, 254–258

intergroup contact

, 213–214

intersectional anti-racism

, 215

local anti-racism practice

, 220–221

mainstreaming anti-racism

, 235–236

monitoring and evaluation

, 217

organization

, 254

in past and today

, 13–15

policies

, 203–208

policies and approaches

, 202

policy-praxis

, 202, 248–249

as political action

, 172–173

practices

, 219–221

racial justice and

, 173–174

reflexive anti-racism

, 218–219

strategies

, 255

structural power analysis

, 217–218

struggles

, 230

systems changes

, 216–217

technological advance and digital spaces

, 238–240

theories and principles

, 169–172

whites and

, 236–237

Anti-racists

, 164

action

, 252

agenda

, 246

anti-racism framework

, 254–258

anti-racism policy-praxis today

, 248–249

community

, 215

critique of anti-racism

, 249–251

future

, 245–246

imagining

, 251–252

organisation

, 253–254

person

, 252–253

racism and contemporary society

, 247–248

strategies

, 201–202, 239

Anti-segregation

, 186–192

Anti-semitism

, 48, 101–102

Anti-slavery

, 180

laws

, 205

Apartheid

, 90–91

in South Africa

, 48–49

Aristotle

, 166

Artificial intelligence (AI)

, 88, 109, 239, 248

Assimilationists

, 164

Atlantic slave trade

, 29–30, 40, 43, 184

Atlantic slavery

, 90–91

Australia

, 1–2, 4–5, 10, 48–50

Awareness

, 210–211

Backlash

, 230, 234

against anti-racism

, 232–234

Bantu Education Act (1953)

, 206

Bell, Derrick

, 14

Biases

, 7

Biological construct

, 64–67

Biological construction

, 2

Black activists

, 181

Black Africans

, 30

Black family

, 124

Black feminist theory

, 171

Black leaders

, 57

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

, 3–5, 172–173, 182, 208, 246, 248–250

Black Panther

, 191

Black people

, 42

Black Power

, 16

movement

, 181, 190

Black radicalism

, 191

Black women

, 215

Blackness

, 30

Blacks

, 40

Blatant racism

, 76–77

Brazil

, 4, 41, 95, 119–120, 127

Brexit Referendum

, 142

British

, 49–50, 70

British Empire

, 43

British Nationality Act (1948)

, 206

Brown v. Board of Education

, 47–48, 62, 180–181, 189

Canada

, 4, 10, 48–49, 72

Canadian Employment Equity Act (1986)

, 206

Canadian Human Rights Act (1977)

, 206

Canadian Multiculturalism Act (1971)

, 206

Capitalism

, 121–122

Caucasian race

, 100

Chacheu Company

, 42–43

Challenges, digital spaces

, 238–239

Chinese

, 34, 50

Christian nationalism

, 138

Christianity

, 32–33

Civic engagement

, 215

Civil Rights, transition to

, 51

Civil Rights Act of 1964

, 13–14, 62, 181, 190, 206

Civil Rights Movement

, 181, 189, 191

Class

, 10–12, 120–121

hierarchy

, 119–120

intersections

, 121–124

Climate theory

, 34

Colonial justification

, 31

Colonialism

, 73, 139–140, 187

Colonisation

, 11–12, 30

Colonisers

, 40

Colour-blind approach

, 88

Colour–blind ideology

, 234–235

Communication

, 77

Community engagement

, 215–216

Comprehensive approach

, 255

Contemporary anti-racism

, 250

Contemporary global challenges of anti-racism

, 230–232

Contemporary racism

, 51–52

Contemporary society

, 247–248

COVID-19 outbreak

, 7

COVID-19 pandemic

, 142

COVID-19–related racism

, 108–109

Crenshaw, Kimberlé

, 10, 74–75

Crime policies

, 88–89

Critical anti-racism

, 219

Critical Indigenous studies

, 171

Critical legal studies (CLS)

, 75–76

Critical Race Scholarship

, 121

Critical race theory (CRT)

, 62, 75–76, 121, 170, 217–218, 230

Critical research

, 2

Critical whiteness studies (CWS)

, 170–171

Critical whiteness theory

, 170–171

Cultural backlash

, 202

Cultural competency trainings

, 211–212

Cultural diversity

, 139–140

Cultural racism

, 104–105, 234

Culture wars

, 161–162

Curse theory

, 41

Cyber-racism

, 107

De jure racial equality

, 52

Decolonial theory

, 171, 237–238

Decoloniality

, 237–238

Decolonisation

, 237–238

Denial

, 7–8, 10

Deracialisation

, 252

Desegregation of schools

, 92

Dictation test

, 88–89

Digital media

, 202–203

Digital platforms, anti-racism in

, 221

Digital spaces

challenges

, 238–239

opportunities

, 239–240

technological advance and

, 238–240

Digital technology

, 238–240, 248

Digital whiteness

, 248

Direct racism

, 87–89

Discourse

, 7–9, 61–62

Discrimination

, 74

Disparity

, 1

Dispossession

, 72–73

Diversity

, 1

Diversity and Inclusion (D&I)

, 212–213

Du Bois, WEB

, 11, 13, 61–62, 99, 106, 140, 173, 193

Economic deprivation

, 122

Education

, 211–213

Educational intervention

, 212

Egalitarian

, 12–13, 143

Empire

, 11–13, 32, 38–39

Employment

, 47, 94

Enlightenment

, 12, 45, 142–143

Equal opportunity policies (EOP)

, 207–208

Equality

, 166

Equity

, 164–165

Ethical

, 14–15, 254

Ethnicity

, 140, 142, 247

intersections

, 121–124

Ethno-nationalism

, 192–193

Ethno-racial diversity

, 202

Eugenic movement

, 49

Eugenics

, 46–47

Euro-Americans

, 39–40

Eurocentric

, 45–46, 61

European colonisers

, 43

Everyday anti-racism

, 219–220

Everyday racism

, 108–109

Exclusion

, 38, 52, 73

Exclusionary nationalism

, 142, 148, 150

Exclusionary racial ideology

, 142–144

Experiences of racism

, 8–9

Exploitation

, 73

Facebook

, 239–240

Fair Housing Act (1968)

, 206

Fanon, Frantz

, 62

Fear of change

, 232

Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of Australia (FECCA)

, 51

Foreign Slave Trade Act

, 184

Fourth Lateran Council

, 34

Fox News

, 234–235

France

, 33–34, 42, 59–60, 95

Fredrick Douglass

, 168–169

Garrison, William Lloyd

, 185

Gender

, 74–77

George Floyd

, 60, 151

Germany

, 186

Global Financial Crises (GFC)

, 142

Globalisation

, 19, 148

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 126

Group Areas Act (1950)

, 206

Harriet Tubman

, 168–169, 185

Hatred

, 70

History

, 30, 32

Holocaust

, 48, 90–91

Human rights

, 4–5

Human Rights Act (1998)

, 206

Identity

, 6

Ideology/ideologies

, 58–59, 138

Illiberal ideologies

, 231–232

Immigrants

, 142

Immigration

, 144–147

Immigration Act (1971)

, 206

Immigration Restriction Act

, 35–38

Imperialist/imperialism

, 43–44

In-group favouritism

, 7

Incarceration

, 126–127

Indian

, 34, 39, 107

Indigenous communities

, 250

Indigenous peoples

, 39

Indirect racism

, 87–89

Inequity

, 4–5, 127, 129

Inferiority

, 60–61

Injustice

, 1, 3

Inquisition

, 34

Institutional neglect

, 10

Institutional racism

, 91, 119–120, 190

Institutional/systemic racism

, 90–93

Intercultural competence

, 211

Intercultural relations

, 16–17

Intergroup contact theory

, 213–214

Internalised

, 5

International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA)

, 102

Internet

, 77, 87, 106

Interpersonal level

, 89–90

Interpersonal racism

, 90

Intersectional anti-racism

, 215

Intersectional racism

, 86–87

Intersectional theory

, 10, 62

Intersectionality

, 74, 77, 129, 170

Invasion

, 49–50, 148–149

Islamic Empire

, 33

Islamophobia

, 103

Japanese Internment in United States

, 90–91

Jews

, 33–34, 40

Jim Crow segregation

, 46, 48, 90–91

Justice

, 4–5, 12–13

Ku Klux Klan

, 47

Las Casas, Bartolome de

, 39, 162

Law enforcement

, 92–93

Legacy of Empire

, 139

Legal studies

, 1–2

Linnaeus, Carl

, 41, 60–61

Mandela, Nelson

, 1, 192, 206

Marginalisation

, 122

Martin Luther King Jr.

, 88, 181

Marxist

, 11, 148

Matriarchy

, 123–124

Media

, 6

Microaggression

, 74

Middle Ages

, 31, 34

Migrant Integration Policy Index

, 207

Migrants

, 1–2, 8, 50, 67–68

Minimization of racism

, 234

‘Misogynoir’ concept

, 75, 221

Multicultural backlash

, 233–234

Multicultural policy

, 147

Multiculturalism

, 202

Multiplicity of racialisation

, 34

Multiracial

, 3, 130

Municipal anti-racism

, 15–16

Muslim women

, 86–87

Muslims

, 8, 69–70

Nation

, 10, 12, 140, 142

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP)

, 13–14, 180–181

National Labor Union

, 122

Nationalism

, 11–12, 139–140, 142, 144, 150, 152

Native Title Act (1993)

, 206

Naturalization

, 234

Nazi policy

, 46

Nazi Third Reich

, 48

Nazis

, 48

Neglect

, 7–8, 10

Neo-authoritarianism

, 77

Neo-racism

, 234–235

Neoliberal anti-multiculturalism

, 147–148

Neoliberalism

, 77

New racism

, 69

New World settlements

, 139

Nixon Administration

, 233

Non-discrimination

, 88

Offline racism

, 106–107

Old-fashioned racism

, 69

Online racism

, 107

Oppression

, 2, 5, 8, 32

Organisation of African Unity (OAU)

, 191–192

Organisational development

, 19, 208

Organisations

, 9, 67–68

Orientalist/orientalism

, 34, 43, 100

Othering

, 11–12, 142

Out-group hostility

, 7

Outgroups

, 6

Overt racism

, 58–59

Pandemic

, 150–152

Perpetrator-based racism

, 98–100

Plessy v. Ferguson

, 47

Policing

, 93

Policy

, 245–246, 249

Policy-praxis, racism as

, 71–74

Political action

, 162

Political ideology

, 76–77

Political science

, 1–2

Population

, 32

Populism

, 148–150

Positive intergroup contact

, 214

Post-colonial/decolonial research

, 2

‘Post-racial’ society

, 247

Post-racialism

, 252

Postcolonial theory

, 170

Power

, 124–127

Pre-Apartheid segregation in South Africa

, 90–91

Predatory policing

, 93

Prejudice

, 33, 45, 68, 71

Prevalence of racism

, 92, 95

Privilege

, 124–127

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

, 206

Proxy

, 67

Pseudo-scientific racism

, 2, 44, 46, 64

Psychology

, 1–2

Qualitative research methods

, 62–63

Quantitative research methods

, 62–63

Rabbinical Judaism

, 33

Race

, 2–3, 10, 12, 32, 45, 57, 74, 77, 120–121, 124, 127, 140, 142, 247

intersections

, 121–124

sociology

, 58–63

Race Relations Act (1965)

, 206

Racial animosity

, 70

Racial attitudes

, 69

Racial capitalism

, 121, 123, 128–129

Racial contract

, 124

Racial discrimination

, 74, 90–91

Racial Discrimination Act

, 206

Racial equality

, 162

Racial hierarchy

, 7, 122

Racial ideology

, 67

Racial inequity

, 128

Racial justice

, 173–174, 179–180

Racial microaggression

, 74

Racial oppression

, 4–5, 123

Racial segregation

, 186

Racial separatism

, 99

Racial stereotypes

, 104

Racial system

, 89

Racial violence

, 72

Racialisation

, 7–8, 58, 122

Raciarchy

, 30, 42–43

Racism (see also Anti-racism)

, 1–3, 29–30, 35, 38, 57, 85–86, 119–120, 127, 129, 139, 144, 150, 152, 202–204, 211, 216–217, 221–222, 229, 236, 247–248, 250–251

and AI

, 109

as belief and prejudice

, 68–71

concepts and definitions

, 63, 65–66, 74

denial and neglect

, 8–10

domains

, 105–109

as dynamic

, 76–77

forms

, 98–105

global problem

, 4–5

levels

, 89–98

manifestations

, 96–97

origin and spread

, 31–34

as policy-praxis

, 71–74

pseudo-scientific

, 2

research

, 230–231

slavery and exclusion

, 38–52

sociology

, 58–63

understanding

, 5–8

xenophobic

, 1–2

Racist attitudes

, 69, 210

Racist beliefs

, 68

emergence of

, 32–34

Racist ideologies

, 7

Racist policies

, 7

Recognition

, 14–15

Reconstruction policies

, 187

Reflexive anti-racism

, 218–219

Representation

, 6, 67–68

Residential segregation

, 129–131

Resistance

, 234–235

Resurgent nationalism

, 77

Reverse-racism

, 128

Roma

, 46

Royal Africa Company

, 42–43

School-to-prison pipeline

, 92

Scientific racism

, 46

Scramble for Africa

, 44

Segregation

, 7, 49, 61, 90–91

Segregationists

, 164

Separate Amenities Act and Land Acts (1913)

, 206

‘Separate but equal’ doctrine

, 189

September 11 terrorist attacks

, 103, 142

Settler colonialism

, 44, 139

Settler colonisation

, 39–40

Slave trade

, 61–62

Slave Trade Act

, 184

Slavery

, 38, 52, 183

Slavery Abolition Act

, 205

Social categorisation

, 31

Social class

, 119–120

Social cohesion

, 3

Social construction of racism

, 67

Social Darwinian ideology

, 142–143

Social Darwinism

, 61

Social exclusion

, 89–90

Social hierarchies

, 7

Social inclusion

, 212

Social justice

, 14–15, 179–180, 201–203, 214

Social marketing techniques

, 210

Social media

, 239–240

space

, 238–239

Sociology

, 1–2

of race and racism

, 58–63

Sociopolitical education

, 211–212

Solidarity

, 214

South Africa

, 4, 13, 16, 43–44, 50–51, 90–91

Southern obsession

, 188

Spanish colonisation

, 38–39

Stereotypes

, 7, 69–70

Stolen Generation in Australia

, 90–91

Strategy

, 165

Structural power analysis

, 217–218

Structural racism

, 93, 98, 174

Struggles of anti-racism

, 179–182

abolitionist movements

, 182–186

anti-segregation

, 186–192

ethno-nationalism

, 192–193

global anti-racism movements

, 193–195

Subtle racism

, 211

Super-diversity

, 92, 162

Superiority

, 60–61

Supremacism

, 100

Systemic racism

, 237

Systems changes

, 216–217

Target-based racism

, 100–105

Terrorism

, 77

Third Reich

, 48, 70

Title VII of the 1964 US Civil Rights Act

, 88

Twitter

, 239–240

Unconscious bias

, 71

Underclass

, 126–127

Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)

, 60

United Kingdom

, 92, 98, 119–120

United Nations

, 74

United States

, 4, 41

Universal inferiority

, 169

US Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

, 130

Valladolid Debate

, 39

Verbal insults

, 89–90

Violence

, 72, 89–90

Voting Rights Act of 1965

, 13–14, 62, 190, 206

War on Drug

, 88–89

War on Terror

, 148–149

Web-based racism

, 107

West India Company

, 42–43

Western liberalism

, 180

White Australia Policy

, 49, 51, 90–91, 206

White fragility concept

, 235–237

White ignorance

, 236

White normality

, 169

White privilege

, 99, 105

White racial privilege

, 126

White supremacism

, 100, 125

White supremacy

, 100

Whiteness

, 99

Whites and anti-racism

, 236–237

Woke racism

, 128

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 108

World System Theory

, 194–195

Xenophobia

, 101, 144, 147

Xenophobic racism

, 1–2

YouTube

, 239–240