Ableism, ableist

, 133

Abuse

, 18, 49, 107

Accomplices, accompliceship

, 10, 124–125

Accountability

, 124

Activism, activists

, 7, 18, 34–35, 96, 132

Adolescence, adolescents

, 89

Advocacy, advocates

, 116–117, 124, 133

Affect, affective

, 9, 60–61, 63–64, 66–68, 79, 94

Africa, African

, 35, 140

African American

, 34, 131, 133, 136, 138, 140

Aggression, aggressive

, 8–9, 18, 34, 64–65, 79–81, 84

Alabama

, 137

Allies, allyship

, 4, 7, 10, 48, 89, 96, 123–124, 129, 133, 139–141, 146

Amateur International Boxing Association (AIBA)

, 78

America, Americans

, 34, 36, 138–140

Androgynous

, 120–121

Androgyny, androgynous

, 121, 124

Anti-doping

, 142

Anti-trans movements

, 8, 17–18, 20–23, 30, 46, 49, 89–92, 95–96, 108, 131

Athlete Ally

, 91–92, 94, 96, 139–140

Aussie Rules Football

, 50

Austin Killips

, 7, 16–17

Australia

, 3, 45, 47, 49, 51, 141

Australian Human Rights Commission

, 45–46

Autoethnography, autoethnographic

, 8–9, 129

Baker, Leo

, 136

Bans, on trans athletes

, 49, 137–138

Basketball

, 92, 108

Belonging

, 1–7, 10, 125, 134, 146

Bias

, 8, 139

Binary thinking, binary gender

, 2, 4–5, 9–10, 81, 107, 131

“Biological male”

, 15, 22, 90, 139

Biology

, 20, 90, 106

Biomedical research

, 142

Black athletes

, 107

Bodily norms

, 118–121

Body image

, 22, 33, 36, 39–40, 62

Boxing, boxers

, 9, 60–68, 72–73, 75–84, 134–135

Boys

, 1–3, 7, 30–31, 51, 79–80, 82, 106

Brazil, Brazilian

, 7, 30–37, 39–40

Bridges, Emily

, 136

British Cycling

, 136

Bullying

, 50–51

Cameron, Molly

, 23

Campbell, Cate

, 138

Campbell, Rook

, 135

Canada, Canadian

, 77, 116, 122, 138–139, 142, 145

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES)

, 129, 139, 143, 145

CCES Report, Transgender Athletes and Elite Sports: A Scientific Review

, 143–144

Chand, Dutee

, 5

Changerooms

, 50, 116, 118–119, 124

Children

, 2, 4, 22, 47, 50–51, 134

Chromosomes

, 106

Cis-centric

, 22, 119

Cisgender

, 3, 8, 32, 46, 75, 77–78, 80–81, 83, 92–93, 106, 116, 121, 123, 125, 131, 142–144

Citizenship

, 6

Clarendon, Layshia

, 5, 10, 104, 107–110, 136

Classism, classist

, 2, 146

Clubs

, 23, 45–52, 94

Coaching, coaches

, 6, 9, 18–19, 21, 51, 62, 64, 67, 78, 81, 88–89, 92, 94–96, 133, 140, 142, 144, 146

Cole, Teju

, 133

Colonialism, colonialist

, 34–35

Combat sports

, 66, 134

Community consultation

, 47, 49

Community sport

, 8, 43–48, 50–51, 130

Connecticut

, 137

Connection

, 3, 44, 88, 124–125, 131

Conservative politics

, 30, 32–33, 35–37, 39, 90, 137, 141

Covid-19

, 45, 66

Culture wars

, 33–35, 141

Cultural intelligibility

, 19–20

Cycling, cyclists

, 16–17, 19, 23, 136

Cyclocross

, 16–18, 23

Dance

, 68, 119

Determinative freedom

, 130

Devine, Cathy

, 139–141

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

, 20

Discrimination

, 2, 44, 46, 49–50, 87, 90, 106, 109, 115, 118

Disobedience

, 110

Diversity, diverse

, 21, 31, 45, 47, 52, 63, 95–96, 130, 133

Docile bodies

, 19

Doctors

, 74

Doping, performance-enhancing drugs

, 143

Downtown East (DTE), Toronto

, 132

Education

, 2, 46–48, 51, 124

Eligibility

, 4–5, 17, 23, 48–49, 89, 95, 127, 130, 140, 146

Elite athletes

, 145–146

“Embodying disobedience”

, 107–110

Empowerment

, 120, 134–136

Ethics, ethical

, 31, 44, 52, 63, 135, 139, 142

Ethnicity

, 130

Europe, European

, 17, 34

“Evil deceiver”

, 20

Exploitation

, 32, 65, 140

Fairness

, 15–16, 22, 45–46, 48, 92, 107, 116, 130, 136, 138, 141–142, 144–145

Femininity

, 10, 21, 78, 93, 106–108, 117, 119–121, 124

Feminism, feminist

, 4, 8, 10, 24, 32, 34–35, 84, 104–106

Figure skating

, 133

FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation)

, 106, 131, 136, 138

Fitness

, 32, 118

519 Community Centre, Toronto

, 132

Football (soccer)

, 30–31, 50, 110

Fox News

, 135

Franklin, Ursula

, 4

Friendship

, 3, 31, 123, 125

Futebol

, 7, 30–33, 37

Gender diversity

, 45, 47, 106, 108, 110

Gendered sports categories

, 118

Gender expression

, 7, 9, 52, 94, 121, 130

Gender non-conforming

, 10, 95–96, 115–119, 122–125

Gender verification

, 106

Genders

, 8, 44, 46, 52, 75, 83, 105, 130, 134, 135

Gentrification

, 132

Girls

, 2–3, 5, 7, 21, 50, 75, 79, 90, 93

Gleaves, John

, 9, 73, 92–93

Glenn, Evelyn Nakano

, 6

Green, Ellia

, 136

Groves, Maddie

, 138

Hapkido

, 134

Healing justice

, 9, 60–61, 64–66, 69, 145

Health

, 44, 53, 91, 130

Hegemonic femininity

, 3

Hegemony

, 32–33, 93, 107

Heteronormativity, heteronormative

, 20, 32–33, 35, 116, 122, 131

Heteropatriarchy

, 60

Heterosexism

, 7, 18

Heterosexual, heterosexuality

, 5, 32, 35, 75, 77, 121, 123, 125

High performance athletes

, 139–140

Hilton, Emma

, 141

Homelessness, homeless people

, 132

Homophobia, homophobic

, 60, 81–82, 84, 110, 133, 146

Hormones

, 50, 89, 92, 106, 135

Hormone suppression treatment

, 89

Howe, Savoy

, 72, 75

Hubbard, Laurel

, 138

Human rights

, 22, 33, 44, 46, 135

Ideologies, ideological

, 7, 16, 18, 21, 33

Inclusion

, 1, 5–7, 16–17, 21–22, 24, 43–51, 92–94, 116, 130–132, 142, 145

Indigenous peoples, Indigeneity

, 3

International federations (IFs)

, 48, 130–131

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 45, 78, 94

International Olympic Committee Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-discrimination

, 45, 48, 130

Intersectional analysis

, 131, 133

Intersex athletes

, 3–4, 130

IOC Position Statement (2022)

, 48, 130–131, 137

Journalism, journalists

, 135–136, 138

Joy, pleasure

, 7–8, 10, 36, 39, 80, 125, 136

Justice

, 31, 36

Killips, Austin

, 7, 16–17, 20, 22

Law, legislation

, 9, 90–91, 95, 117, 137

Ledecky, Katie

, 22

Lehrbach, Tim

, 9, 73, 75, 92–93

“Level playing field”

, 16, 18–19

LGBTQ2S+ (lesbian/gay/bisexual/queer/2-spirited/+)

, 23, 88, 93–94, 96, 116–117, 122, 124–125, 133

Locker rooms

, 10, 39, 93, 96

Lyon, Donna

, 135

Major League Quidditch

, 131

Martial arts

, 2, 80, 134

Masculinity, masculinities

, 10, 34, 39, 73, 77–79, 81, 108, 120–121, 125

Medals

, 146

Media

, 17–19, 22, 30, 35, 45, 49, 78, 82, 135–136, 138–139

Medical model

, 135

Medicalized bodies, medicalization

, 20

Memory work

, 9, 87–88

Meninos Bons de Bola

, 7–8, 30–40

Misgendering

, 118, 121

Misogyny

, 73, 80–83, 121

Moral panic

, 22, 111

Moreau, Sophia

, 4–5

Mountain biking

, 122–123

Muscles, muscular

, 21–22, 39, 80

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

, 9–10, 17–18, 22, 88–92, 94–95

Nonbinary

, 3, 5, 7–10, 44, 51, 72–73, 75–78, 81, 84, 104–105, 108–110, 133–134, 136, 138

Oates, Joyce Carol

, 60, 63–64, 67, 75–76

Ohio

, 17, 136

Olympic Games, Olympic sport

, 78, 82

Pain

, 9, 19, 60–61, 64, 67–68

Paris 2024 Olympics

, 78, 138

Physiological equivalency

, 142

Pielke, Roger

, 4, 46, 81–82, 106, 137, 140–142

Pike, Jon

, 141

Play

, 2, 5–6, 10, 22, 33, 45, 50–51, 89, 95

Policy

, 4, 7, 21, 24, 44, 48–50, 95, 133, 145–146

Politics, political

, 6–7, 30, 32–36, 40, 105

Prejudice

, 48

Professional sports

, 10, 104, 106–107

Proud2Play

, 45, 47, 50

Quadball

, 131

Queer futures

, 7, 22–24

Queer theory

, 105–106, 117

Queer Trans Community Defence (QTCD)

, 132–133

Quinn

, 108, 110, 138

Race

, 8–10, 16–17, 23–24, 63, 73, 81–83, 88, 91, 104, 107, 125

Racialized bodies/athletes

, 8

Racism, racist

, 2, 10, 18, 24, 60, 68, 107, 132, 146

Radical transformation

, 129–130

Rage, anger

, 9, 60–61, 64–65, 67–68, 80–81

Rapinoe, Megan

, 138

Recommendations

, 95, 129–130

Recreational sport

, 10, 130

Reform

, 129–130, 133

“Regimes of looking”

, 20

Registration forms

, 50–51

Regulations

, 45

Republicans (US)

, 136

Resistance

, 1–7, 33, 35–36, 40, 48, 60, 78, 109, 118, 120, 145

Respectability

, 20

Richards, Renée

, 22, 106

RIDE (cycling group)

, 23

Rights

, 22, 33, 90, 136

Rock climbing

, 44, 122

Rowing

, 88–89, 91

Rugby

, 24, 77, 136

Safety

, 51, 78, 118, 122–123, 130

“Save Women’s Sport”

, 17–18, 144

Science

, 4, 8, 137–138, 143

Scotland

, 137

Semenya, Caster

, 4–5

Sexism

, 60, 121, 146

Sexual abuse

, 133, 135

Sexual harassment

, 18

Sexualities

, 8, 93, 117, 122

Shields, Claressa

, 73–74

Skateboarders

, 110, 136, 138

Smith, Alana

, 110

Soccer

, 7, 30–33, 108, 138, 140

Social justice

, 23, 60–61, 65, 108, 129, 133

Social media

, 5, 18, 109, 139

Socialization

, 1, 3

Socio-economic status

, 130

Softball

, 24, 91

South Africa

, 21

Sparring

, 9, 60–61, 63–67, 79–82, 134

Sport Australia

, 45–46

Sport Canada

, 129, 139–141

Student athlete

, 10, 17, 88–89, 96

Surgery

, 109–110

Surgical requirements

, 50

Swimming, swimmers

, 17, 22–23, 44, 77, 122

Swimming Australia

, 49

Sydor, Alyson

, 140

Synchronized swimming

, 131

Testosterone

, 2, 4–5, 17, 86, 89, 92, 130, 142–144

Thomas, Lia

, 7, 16–18, 20–23, 93–94, 96, 142

Thorpe, Ian

, 138–139

Title IX

, 90, 106

Tokyo 2020 Olympics

, 138

Toronto Newsgirls Boxing Club

, 72

Track and field

, 19

Trans inclusion policies

, 7–8, 46, 94, 144

Transformation, transformative

, 33, 36, 44, 66–67, 106, 130, 133, 146

Transition

, 5, 16, 24, 62–63, 88, 92, 108–109

Transness

, 7, 16, 18–24, 108

Transphobia, transphobic

, 36, 68, 73, 81–82, 84, 89, 92, 97, 116, 123, 131, 133, 138, 146

Twitter

, 135, 140–141

UCI (Union Cycliste Internationale)

, 130, 136

UCI World Cup

, 17

Ultimate Frisbee

, 131

Uniforms, sporting

, 34, 82

USA Cyclocross

, 17, 23

USA (United States of America)

, 16–20, 23, 77, 90, 95, 137–139, 141–142

U.S. Quidditch

, 131

U.S. Ultimate

, 131

Values

, 3, 18, 21, 23, 32, 34, 45, 48–49, 51–53, 66, 83, 91–92, 138, 145

Violence

, 7–9, 18–19, 21–22, 29–30, 34–35, 39, 40, 49, 65–66, 69, 108, 133, 144

Violent potential

, 79–81

Weightlifting

, 19

Whiteness

, 10, 20, 23, 34, 125

White supremacy, white supremacist

, 7, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 60, 82

Wolfe, Chelsea

, 138

Working out

, 120, 122

World Athletics

, 50, 130, 144

World Rugby

, 24

WNBA (Women’s National Basketball Association)

, 5, 10, 104, 108, 110

Youth, youth sport

, 2, 44, 52, 130, 134