Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T15:44:04.206Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Strategic and tactical developments in tsetse control in Zimbabwe (1981–1989)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

W. Shereni
Affiliation:
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Branch, Department of Veterinary Services, P. O. Box 8283, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
Get access

Abstract

Tsetse flies have been eradicated from an area of 48,000 km2 in Zimbabwe since 1981. The main approach has been pesticidal control, involving ground spraying, aerial spraying, cattle dipping and artificial bait techniques, in some circumstances in combination. This represents a change in tactic from the pre-independence period when control relied solely on ground spraying. Factors which have influenced choice of technique are discussed in the paper, including scale of trypanosomiasis problem, technical limitations of the technique, cost-effectiveness and environmental considerations.

Ground spraying, the mainstay of tsetse control operations in Zimbabwe prior to 1980, is becoming increasingly unfavourable because of high logistical requirements and environmental reasons, but remains an effective technique under a wide range of circumstances. Aerial spraying has proved very effective for management of crisis situations but is comparatively expensive, capital intensive in hilly terrain and less effective against Glossina pallidipes than G. morsitans. Vector control by applying insecticide (deltamethrin) to cattle appears technically feasible at a very competitive cost. This is a most promising technique in areas where there are already cattle and few wild hosts.

Control of tsetse using odour-baited and insecticide-treated screens has proven technically feasible in a wide range of terrain, and appears economically competitive with ground spraying. Both technical and financial performance of the technique are still being improved. Bait technology offers scope for the new approaches to the control of the fly and defence of cleared areas from reinvasion.

Résumé

Les mouches tsé-tsé ont été éradiquées sur une superficie de 48.000 km2 au Zimbabwé depuis 1981. La principale approche a été le contrôle avec l'utilisation des pesticides, notamment la pulvérisation terrestre, la pulvérisation aérienne, les bains du bétail et les techniques d'appât artificiel et dans certains cas une combinaison de ces techniques.

Ceci représente un changement dans la méthode de la période pré-indépendance durant laquelle le contrôle était exclusivement la pulvérisation terrestre. Les facteurs qui ont abouti au choix des techniques sont discutés dans cette publication y compris la dimension du problème de la trypanosomiase, les limitations de la technique, les aspects coût-éfficacité et les considérations des facteurs de l'environnement.

La pulvérisation terrestre, principal atout des opérations de contrôle de la mouche tsé-tsé avant 1980, est de moins en moins favorisée à cause de son coût élevé, de la forte demande en logistique et pour des raisons de sauvegarde de l'environnement, demeure cependant une technique efficace en d'autres circonstances.

La pulvérisation aérienne s'est révélée très efficace pour gérer des situations de crise mais est comparativement chère, demande un capital élevé en terrain montagneux et moins efficace contre Glossina pallidipes que G. morsitans.

Le contrôle des vecteurs par l'application d'insecticide (deltaméthrine) au bétail se révèle techniquement faisable et à un coût assez compétitif. C'est la technique la plus prometteuse là où il y a déjà du bétail ainsi que quelques hôtes sauvages.

Le contrôle des tsé-tsé par l'utilisation des appâts olfactifs et des écrans traités à l'insecticide s'est révèlé techniquement faisable sur différents types de terrain et paraît économiquement aussi compétitif que la pulvérisation terrestre. Les performances techniques et financières sont en train d'être améliorées. La technologie des appâts offre l'occasion pour de nouvelles approches de contrôle de la mouche et de la mise en défense des zones liberées contre une réinvasion.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allsopp, R. (1984) Control of Tsetse Flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) using insecticides: a review and future prospects. Bull. entomol. Res. 74, 123.Google Scholar
Allsopp, R. and Barrett, J. (1988) Perspectives on Insecticidal Control of Tsetse Flies (In press).Google Scholar
Baldry, D. A. T. (1983) Control of Tsetse Flies. In Pest and Vector Management in the Tropics (Edited by Youdeowei, A. and Service, M. W.), pp. 290299, Longman Press.Google Scholar
Burnett (1954) The effect of poison bait cattle on population of Glossina morsitans and G. swynnertoni. Bull, entomol. Res. 45, 41.Google Scholar
Hocking, K. S. (1962) The population dynamics of tsetse flies with particular reference to their control by insecticides. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Entomology Vienna, 1960, 2, 409412.Google Scholar
Hursey, B. S. and Allsopp, R. (1984) The Eradication of Tsetse Flies (Glossina spp.)from Western Zimbabwe by Integrated Aerial and Ground Spraying. Published by the Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Branch, Department of Veterinary Services, Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Hursey, B. S. and Allsopp, R. (1983) Sequential Application of Low Dosage Aerosols from Fixed Wing Aircraft as Means of Eradicating Tsetse Flies (Glossina spp.) from Rugged Terrain in Zimbabwe. Published by the Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Branch, Department of Veterinary Services, Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Lovemore, D. F. (1986) Tsetse control by chemical means in Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In Proceedings of the European Communities International SymposiumllSPRA Developments on Integrated Tsetse Fly Control, Methods and Strategies. 4–6 March 1986 (Edited by Cavalloro, R.), pp. 2741. Published by A. A. Balkerma/Rotterdam/Broolfield, 1987.Google Scholar
Mumford, and Norton, G. A. (1984) Economics of decision making in pest management. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29, 157174.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. G., Kritzinger, D. A. and De Souza, A. E. (1972) The use of residual insecticides in Rhodesia/Mozambique Border Region between Sabi and Limpopo Rivers from Glossina morsitans Westwood. Proc. Trans. Rhod. Sci. Assoc. 55, 3462.Google Scholar
Thomson, M. C. (1985) The effect on tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) of deltamethrin applied to cattle either as a spray or incorporated into ear-tag. Trop. Pest Manage. 33, 329335.Google Scholar
Vale, G. A., Lovemore, D. F., Flint, S. and Cockbill, G. F. (1988) Odour-baited targets to control tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), in Zimbabwe. Bull. entomol. Res. 78, 3149.Google Scholar
Vanderplank, F. L. (1947) Experiments with DDT on various species of tsetse in the field and laboratory. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg: 40, 603.Google Scholar
Whiteside, E. F. (1949) An experiment to control tsetse with DDT-treated oxen. Bull. entomol. Res. 40, 123.Google Scholar