Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T19:17:34.255Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Frigatebirds Fregata: impacts of potential taxonomic change on population and conservation status

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2023

John P. Croxall*
Affiliation:
BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, CB2 3QZ, Cambridge, UK
*
Corresponding author: John P. Croxall; Email: john.croxall@birdlife.org

Summary

Frigatebirds have been in taxonomic oblivion for nearly a century. A new genetic study by Martins et al. (2022) provides a stimulus and potential basis for a long-overdue modern review, which might lead to recognition of up to five new species-level taxa, two of which would be “Critically Endangered” globally and may already be effectively extinct. Even some of the more widespread frigatebird taxa are subject to multiple anthropogenic threats and, outside strictly protected and managed areas, may already be in serious decline. Seabird experts and organisations need urgently to review all available data relevant to frigatebird taxonomy and populations, collect additional material for genetic analysis, undertake new assessments of conservation status, and (in collaboration with appropriate regulatory authorities) propose and execute appropriate conservation and management actions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of BirdLife International

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amerson, A. B. (1969) Ornithology of the Marshall and Gilbert Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 127: 1348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amerson, A. B., Whistler, W. A. and Schwaner, T. D. (1982) Wildlife and wildlife habitat of American Samoa. II Accounts of flora and fauna. Washington, DC, USA: US Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar
Angehr, G. R. and Kushlan, J. A. (2007) Seabird and colonial wading bird nesting in the Gulf of Panama. Waterbirds 30: 335357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antas, P. T. Z. (1991) Status and conservation of seabirds breeding in Brazilian waters. Pp. 141158 in Croxall, J. P. ed. Seabird status and conservation: a supplement. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Baker, B. G. and Holdsworth, M. (2013) Seabird monitoring study at Coringa-Herald National Nature Reserve. Report prepared for Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Government.Google Scholar
Bannerman, D. A. (1927) On the description of a new Frigate-Bird (Fregata magnificens lowei) from the Cape Verde Is. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 48: 1213.Google Scholar
Barré, N. and Dutson, G. (2000Liste commentée des oiseaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Alauda 68(Supplement): 148.Google Scholar
BirdLife International. (2020) How Cabo Verde Is Becoming a Safe Haven for Seabirds. https://www.birdlife.org/news/2020/11/05/how-cabo-verde-is-becoming-a-safe-haven-for-seabirds/.Google Scholar
Borsa, P. and Baudat-Franceschi, J. (2023) The marine avifauna of Matthew and Hunter Islands, two remote volcanoes of the New Hebrides chain. Arx. Misc. Zool. 21: 6789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsa, P., Pandolfi, M., Andréfouët, S. and Bretagnolle, V. (2010) Breeding avifauna of the Chesterfield Islands, Coral Sea: current population sizes, trends, and threatsPac. Sci. 64: 297314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, P. E. and Norton, R. L. eds. (2009) An inventory of breeding seabirds of the Caribbean. Gainesville, FL, USA: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Cao, L., Pan, Y. L. and Liu, N. F. (2007) Waterbirds of the Xisha Archipelago, South China Sea. Waterbirds 30: 296300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, P., Votier, S., Koldewey, H., Godley, B., Wood, H. and Nicoll, M. A. C. (2021) Status and phenology of breeding seabirds and a review of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas in the British Indian Ocean Territory. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 31: 1434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cepeda, F. and Cruz, J. B. (1994) Status and management of seabirds on the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Pp. 268278 in Nettleship, D. N., Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. eds. Seabirds on islands: threats, case studies and action plans. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Clapp, R. B. and Sibley, F. C. (1967) New distributional records of birds from the Phoenix and Line Islands. Ibis 109: 122125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, R. H., Carter, M., Swann, G. and Thomson, J. (2011) The status of breeding seabirds and herons at Ashmore Reef, off the Kimberley coast, Australia. .J. R. Soc. West. Aust 94: 171182.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. H., Sorell, K. J. and Mackay, C. (2021) Monitoring Seabirds at Pulu Keeling National Park: Field Surveys and an Evaluation of Drone-based Survey Methods, February 2021. Monash University, unpublished report.Google Scholar
Coate, K. (1997) Seabird islands. No. 236. Adele Island. Corella 21: 124128.Google Scholar
Coulter, M. C. (1984) Seabird conservation in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Pp. 237244 in Croxall, J. P. ed. Seabird status and conservation: a supplement. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Croxall, J. P., Evans, P. G. H. and Schreiber, R. W. eds. (1984) Status and conservation of the world’s seabirds. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Croxall, J. P., Butchart, S. H. M., Lascelles, B., Stattersfield, A. J., Sullivan, B., Symes, A. and Taylor, P. (2012) Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 22: 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croxall, J.P. (Ed) (1991) Seabird status and conservation: a supplement. cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Diamond, A.W. (1975) Biology and behaviour of frigatebirds Fregata spp. on Aldabra Atoll. Ibis 107: 302323.Google Scholar
Diamond, A. W. and Schreiber, E. A. (2002Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), version 2.0. In Poole, A. F. and Gill, F. B. eds. The birds of North America. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithologyhttps://doi.org/10.2173/bna.601.Google Scholar
Diamond, A. W. and Schreiber, E. A. (2020Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), version 1.0. In Poole, A. F. and Gill, F. B. eds. Birds of the world. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. USAhttps://doi.org/10.2173/bow.magfri.01.Google Scholar
Dias, M. P., Martin, R., Pearmain, E. J., Burfield, I. J., Small, C., Phillips, R. A., Yates, O., et al. (2019) Threats to seabirds: a global assessment. Biol. Conserv. 237: 525537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, E. C. and Remsen, J. V. Jr eds (2013) The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. Fourth edition, Vol. 1. Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press.Google Scholar
Dutson, G. (2011) Birds of Melanesia. London, UK: Christopher Helm.Google Scholar
Edwards, G. (1758–1764) Gleanings of natural history, exhibiting figures of quadrupeds, birds, insects, plants &c. most of which have not till now been either figured or described. London, UK: Author.Google Scholar
Everett, W. T. and Anderson, D. W. (1991) Status and conservation of the breeding seabirds on offshore Pacific islands of Baja California and the Gulf of California. Pp. 115139 in Croxall, J. P. ed. Seabird status and conservation: a supplement. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Garnett, M. C. (1983) A Management Plan for Nature Conservation in the Line and Phoenix Islands. Unpublished report. [Not seen]Google Scholar
Garnett, M. C. (1984) Conservation of seabirds in the South Pacific: a review. Pp. 547558 in Croxall, J. P., Evans, P. G. H.,and Schreiber, R.W. eds. Status and conservation of the world’s seabird s. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Gaston, A. J. (2022) Seabirds on Kakabia Island, Indonesia, May 2022. BirdingASIA 38: 7178.Google Scholar
Gauger Metz, V. H. and Schreiber, E. A. (2020Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor), version 1.0. In Billerman, S. M. ed. Birds of the world. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithologyhttps://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grefri.01.Google Scholar
Gibson-Hill, C. A. (1950) Notes on the birds of the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles Mus. 22: 212270.Google Scholar
Gill, F. and Donsker, D. eds (2019) IOC world bird list (v9.1). doi: 10.14344/IOC.ML.9.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, F., Donsker, D. and Rasmussen, P. eds. (2023) IOC world bird list (v13.1). doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.13.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, D. W., Vanstreels, R. E. T., Alcala, M. M., Hurtado, R., Mantovani, P. F., Cunha, L. S. T., Serafini, P. P., et al. 2021 Unforeseen consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: increased frequency of kite-string injuries in magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens) in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Anim. Welf. 30: 109116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
le Grand, G., Emmerson, K. and Martin, A. (1984) The status and conservation of seabirds in the Macaronesian Islands. Pp. 377391 in Croxall, J. P., Evans, P. G. H. and Schreiber, R. W. eds. Status and conservation of the world’s seabirds. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Grossman, H. and Grossman, H. (1974) Scientific expedition of the Line Islands; preliminary report (ornithology). Tarawa, Gilbert and Ellice Islands: Gilbert and Ellice Islands Government.Google Scholar
Hadden, D. (2004) Birds and bird lore of Bougainville and the North Solomons. The Gap, QLD, Australia Dove Publications. [Not seen]Google Scholar
Hailer, F., Schreiber, E. A., Miller, J. M., Levin, I. I., Parker, P. G., Chesser, R. T. and Fleischer, R. C. (2010) Long-term isolation of a highly mobile seabird on the Galapagos. Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 278: 817825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Halewyn, R. and Norton, R. L. (1984) The status and conservation of seabirds in the Caribbean. Pp. 169222 in: Croxall, J. P., Evans, P. G. H. and Schreiber, R. W. eds. Status and conservation of the world’s seabirds. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Harrison, C. S., Naughton, M. and Fefer, S. J. (1984) The status and conservation of seabirds in the Hawaiian Archipelago and Johnston Atoll. Pp. 513526 in Croxall, J. P., Evans, P. G. H. and Schreiber, R. W. eds. Status and conservation of the world’s seabirds. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Harrison, P., Perrow, M. R. and Larsson, H. (2021) Seabirds. The new identification guide. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar
Hazevoet, C. J. (1994) Status and conservation of seabirds in the Cape Verde Islands. Pp. 279286 in Nettleship, D. N., Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. eds. Seabirds on islands: threats, case studies and action plans. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Hazevoet, C. J. (1995) The birds of the Cape Verde Islands. BOU Checklist 13. Tring, UK: British Ornithologists’ Union.Google Scholar
Hazevoet, C. J. (1996) Lista Vermelha para as aves que nidificam em Cabo Verde. Pp. 127135 in Leyens, T. and Lobin, W. eds. Primeira Lista Vermelha de Cabo Verde. Frankfurt, Germany: Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.Google Scholar
Howell, S. N. G. and Webb, S. (1990) The seabirds of Las Islas Revillagigedos, Mexico. Wilson Bull. 102: 140146.Google Scholar
del Hoyo, J. and Collar, N. J. (2014) HBW and BirdLife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Vol. 1: non-passerines. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar
James, D. J. (2003) A survey of Christmas Island Frigatebird nests in 2003. Report to Parks Australia by Tropical Ecology Consulting Surveys. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Parks Australia.Google Scholar
James, D. J. and McAllan, I. A. W. (2014) The birds of Christmas island: a review. Aust. Field Ornithol. 31(Supplement): S1S175.Google Scholar
Jones, R. (2008) Suwarrow Seabird Survey: an assessment of the numbers and age-stages of seabird chicks on the motus of Suwarrow atoll during July 2008. Report prepared for the Cook Islands Prime Minister’s Office and Environment Service.Google Scholar
de Jong, G. (2011) Survey of Pelecaniform Seabird Colonies in East Indonesia. Unpublished report to BirdLife International.Google Scholar
Kepler, A. K. (1992) Final Report: Southwest Palau Islands Expedition, June 1–19, 1992. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Kepler, C.B., Kepler, A.K. and Ellis, D.H. (1994) The natural history of Caroline Island, Southern Line Islands. Part II: Seabirds, other terrestrial animals, and conservation. Atoll Research Bulletin 398: 161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Korte, K. (1991) Status and conservation of Indonesia’s seabird colonies. Pp. 225247 in Croxall, J. P. ed. Seabird status and conservation: a supplement. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Le Corre, M. and Jouventin, P. (1997) Ecological significance and conservation priorities of Europa Island, western Indian Ocean, with special reference to seabirds. Rev. Ecol. 52: 205220.Google Scholar
López Suárez, P., Hazevoet, C. J. and Palma, L. (2012) Has the Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens in the Cape Verde Islands reached the end the road? Zool. Caboverdiana 3: 8286.Google Scholar
López Suárez, P., Varo Cruz, N., Hazevoet, C. J. and López Jurado, L. F. (2007) Restricted nesting habitat and reproductive failure of Magnificent Frigatebirds Fregata magnificens in the Cape Verde Islands. Atl. Seab. 7: 107120.Google Scholar
Lowe, P.R. (1924) Some notes on the Fregatidae. Novitates Zoologicae 31: 299313.Google Scholar
Macgregor, N. A., Hennicke, J. C., Bell, E., Brown, S. M., Flakus, S., James, D. J., Woinarski, J. C. Z., et al. (2021) Christmas Island Frigatebird Fregata andrewsi. Pp. 225227 in Garnett, S. T. and Baker, G. B. eds. The action plan for Australian birds 2020. Melbourne, VI, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.Google Scholar
Mancini, P. L., Serafini, P. P. and Bugoni, L. (2016) Breeding seabird populations in Brazilian oceanic islands: historical review, update and a call for census standardisation. Rev. Bras. Ornitol. 24: 94115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchant, S. and Higgins, P. J. (1990) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Vol. 1: ratites to ducks. Melbourne, VI, Australia: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marin, M. (2023) When ornithology meets ethnology and archeology: the birds of the bird-cult at Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and their demise. Mar. Ornithol. 51: 3340.Google Scholar
Marrón, G., Hernandez-Alvárez, A., Carmona, R. and Águila, S. (2021) Population decline and breeding distribution changes of Magnificent Frigatebirds Fregata magnificens in Baja California Sur. Mar. Ornithol. 49: 1924.Google Scholar
Martins, F. M. S., Godinho, R. and Palma, L. (2022Cores, edges and beyond: insights into the phylogeography of frigatebirds with a focus on ultraperipheral and endemic populations. Conserv. Genet. 23: 10111025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, G. M. (1914) On the species and subspecies of the genus Fregata. Austral Avian Rec. 2: 117121.Google Scholar
Mathews, G. M. and Iredale, T. (1921) A manual of the birds of Australia. Vol. 1. London, UK: H.F. & G. Witherby.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGowan, A., Broderick, A. C. and Godley, B. J. (2008) Seabird populations of the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean: an evaluation of IBA sites. Oryx 42: 424429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MMA. (2022) Altera os Anexos da Portarianº443, de17 de dezembro de 2014, da Portaria nº444, de17 de dezembro de 2014, e da Portaria nº445, de 17 de dezembro de 2014, referentes à atualização da Lista Nacional de Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção. Diário Oficial da União. 148. Seção1. Brasilia, Brazil: Ministério do Meio Ambiente.Google Scholar
Murphy, R. C. (1936) Oceanic birds of South America. New York, USA: Macmillan/American Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Muscat, E., Saviolli, J. Y., Costa, A., Chagas, C. A., Eugênio, M., Rotenberg, E. L. and Olmos, F. (2014) Birds of the Alcatrazes archipelago and surrounding waters, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Check List 10: 729738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Naurois, R. (1969) Notes brèves sur l’avifaune de l’archipel du Cap Vert. Faunistique, endémisme, écologie. Bull. Inst. Fond. Afr. Noire Ser. A. 31: 143218.Google Scholar
Nettleship, D. N., Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. eds. (1994) Seabirds on islands: threats, case studies and action plans. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Nuss, A., Carlos, C. J., Moreno, I. B. and Fagundes, N. J. R. (2016) Population genetic structure of the Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens (Aves, Suliformes) breeding colonies in the Western Atlantic Ocean. PLoS One 11: e0149834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, P. J. and Rauzon, M. J. (2004) Inventory and monitoring of seabirds in National Park of American Samoa. Technical Report 136. Manoa, HI, USA: University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Olmos, F., Martincelli, P, Silva e Silva, R. and Neves, T. S. (1995) The seabirds of Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 115: 117128.Google Scholar
Olson, S. L. (1981) Natural history of vertebrates on the Brazilian islands of the mid South Atlantic. Natl Geogr. Res. 13: 481492.Google Scholar
Olson, S. L. (2017) Species rank for the critically endangered Atlantic Lesser Frigatebird (Fregata trinitatis). Wilson J. Ornithol. 129: 661675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacheco, J. F. (2018) Elevate Fregata ariel trinitatis to species rank. Proposal 768 to South American Classification Committee.Google Scholar
Philippe-Lesaffre, M., Thibault, M.Caut, S.Bourgeois, K.Berr, T., Ravache, A.Vidal, E.,et al. (2023) Recovery of insular seabird populations years after rodent eradication. Conserv. Biol. 37https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierce, R. J., Brown, D., Ioane, A. and Kamatie, K. (2015) Malden Island, Kiribati – Feasibility of Cat Eradication for the Recovery of Seabirds. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Pierce, R. J., Etei, T., Kerr, V., Saul, E., Teatata, A., Thorsen, M. and Wragg, G. (2006) Phoenix Islands conservation survey and assessment of restoration feasibility: Kiribati. Whangarei, New Zealand: Conservation International/Samoa and Pacific Islands Initiative. Eco Oceania Ltd.Google Scholar
Pierce, R. J., Raust, P. and Wragg, G. (2003) Report on an avifauna survey of atolls in the Tuamotu and Austral archipelagos, French Polynesia. Contract Report No. 638. Report prepared for: New Zealand Agency for International Development and Haut-Commisariat de la République en Polynésie Francaise. Whangarei, New Zealand: Wildland Consultants.Google Scholar
Pitman, R. L. and Ballance, L. T. (2002) The changing status of marine birds breeding at San Benedicto Island, MexicoWilson Bull. 114: 1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pocklington, R., Willis, P. R. and Palmieri, M. (1972) Birds seen at sea and on an island in the Cargados Carajos shoals. Atoll Res. Bull. 158: 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Port, D., Branco, J. O., de Alvarez, C. E. and Fisch, F. (2016) Observations on endangered frigatebirds (Fregata ariel trinitatis and F. minor nicolli, Suliformes: Fregatidae) at Trindade Island, Brazil. Panam. J. Aquat. Sci. 11: 8792.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, P. C. (2020) Change species limits in Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens. Proposal 872 to South American Classification Committee.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, N., Pelembe, T. and White, R. (2008Resolving the population status of Ascension Frigatebird Fregata aquila using a ‘virtual ecologist’ modelIbis 150: 300306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauzon, M. J., Forsell, D. J., Flint, E. N. and Gove, J. M. (2011) Howland, Baker and Jarvis Islands 25 years after cat eradication: the recovery of seabirds in a biogeographical context. Pp. 334338 in Veitch, C. R., Clout, M. N. and Towns, D. R. eds. Island invasives: eradication and management. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature.Google Scholar
Ridgely, R. S. and Greenfield, P. J. (2001) The birds of Ecuador. London, UK: Christopher Helm.Google Scholar
Robinet, O.Sirgouant, S. and Bretagnolle, V. (1997Marine birds of d’Entrecasteaux Reefs (New Caledonia, south-western Pacific): diversity, abundance, trends and threats. Colon. Waterbirds 20282290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocamora, G., Feare, C. J., Skerrett, A., Athanase, M. and Greig, E. 2003 The breeding avifauna of Cosmoledo Atoll (Seychelles) with special reference to seabirds: conservation status and international importance. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 13: 151174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocha-Olivares, A. and González-Jaramillo, M. (2014) Population genetic structure of Mexican Magnificent Frigatebirds: an integrative analysis of the influence of reproductive behavior and sex-biased dispersal. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 85: 532545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothschild, W. (1915) On the genus Fregata. Novit. Zool. 22: 145146.Google Scholar
Safford, R. J. and Hawkins, A. F. A. eds. (2013) The birds of Africa . Vol. VIII : the Malagasy region. London, UK: Christopher Helm.Google Scholar
Schreiber, E. A. and Schreiber, R. W. (1988) Great Frigatebird size dimorphism on two Central Pacific atolls. Condor 90: 9099.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semedo, G., Paiva, V. H., Militao, T., Rodrigues, I., Dinis, H. A., Pereira, J., Matos, D., et al. (2021) Distribution, abundance, and on-land threats to Cabo Verde seabirds. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 31: 5376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibley, F. C. and Clapp, R. B. (1967) Distribution and dispersal of Central Pacific Lesser Frigatebirds Fregata ariel. Ibis 109: 328337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staub, F. and Guého, J. (1968) The Cargados Carajos Shoals or St Brandon: resources, avifauna and vegetation. Proc. R. Soc. Arts Sci. Mauritius 3: 746.Google Scholar
Stiles, F. G. (1984) Status and conservation of seabirds in Costa Rican waters. Pp. 223229 in Croxall, J. P., Evans, P. G. H. and Schreiber, R.W. eds. Status and conservation of the world’s seabirds. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation.Google Scholar
Stokes, T., Sheils, W. and Dunn, K. (1984) Birds of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. Emu 84: 2328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Šúr, M., Bunbury, N. and van de Crommenacker, J. (2013) Frigatebirds on Aldabra Atoll: population census, recommended monitoring protocol and sustainable tourism guidelines. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 23: 214220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thibault, J-C., Cibois, A., Butaud, J-F., Jacq, F.A., Poroi, E. and Meyer, J-Y. Breeding birds of Hatuta’a, Marquesas Islands: species inventory and influence of drought on their abundance. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 133: 168177.Google Scholar
Valle, C. A., de Vries, T. and Hernández, C. (2006) Plumage and sexual maturation in the Great Frigatebird Fregata minor in the Galapagos Islands. Mar. Ornithol. 34: 5159.Google Scholar
Weimerskirch, H., Borsa, P., Cruz, S., de Grissac, S., Gardes, L., Lallemand, J., Le Corre, M., et al. (2017) Diversity of migration strategies among great frigatebird populationsJ. Avian Biol. 48: 103113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Croxall supplementary material

Croxall supplementary material

Download Croxall supplementary material(File)
File 230.7 KB