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The Colloquies between Catholics and Protestants, 1539–41
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Extract
Ranke, whose judgments always deserve respect, said of the Colloquy of Regensburg:
If I am not mistaken this was a period of vital importance for Germany and even for the world. For Germany... [came] at last the possibility of reforming the ecclesiastical constitution of the nation, and, in relation to the Pope, of giving it a freer and more independent position, exempt from his temporal encroachments. The unity of the Church, and with it that of the nation, would have been maintained, and even more immense and enduring results would have emerged. If the moderate party, by whom these attempts began and were guided, could have maintained its ascendancy in Rome and in Italy, the Catholic world must have assumed a very different aspect.
While it is true that the ‘might-have-beens’ of history are unprofitable speculations, yet the possibilities behind that Colloquy of Regensburg have been too much neglected.
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References
Page No 235 Note 1 von Ranke, Leopold , Sämmtliche Werke (3rd collected edition), vol. 37, Die Römischen Päpste in den letzen vier Iahrhunderten, 1900,1, 107 Google Scholar.
Page No 236 Note 1 For the nineteenth-century writers in Germany see the literature at the head of the article by Kolde, , ‘Regensburger Religionsgespräch und Regensburger Buch 1541’, Realencyklopädie für Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, 3rd ed. 1905, vol. 16 Google Scholar.
Page No 236 Note 2 This is a major theme of his book: Pastor, Ludwig, Die kirchlichen Reunions bestrebungen während der Regierung Karls V, Freiburg 1879 Google Scholar.
Page No 238 Note 1 For example, Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique, 1936, vol. 13, art. ‘Réforme’.
Page No 238 Note 2 Jaroslav Pellikan, Obedient Rebels, 1964, p. 11.
Page No 238 Note 3 The Historia Ecclesiae Christi, 1559-74, edited by Flacius Illyricus with his collaborators (‘the Magdeburg Centuriators’), was intended as a demonstration of the increasing domination of an earlier purer Christianity by the ‘anti-Christian’ Papacy. In spite of this partisan intention it initiated the modern study of Church History by its full use of sources. It was answered by the Annales Ecclesiastici, 1588-1607, of Cesare Baronius.
Page No 240 Note 1 Werke, Luther’s, Weimar Ausgabe, Briefwechsel, 111, No. 726 Google Scholar.
Page No 240 Note 2 Ioannis Calvini Opera quae supersunt omnia, ed. Baum, Cunitz & Reuss, 1866, vol. v, col. 412. ‘Una praesertim res animum ab illis meum avertebat, ecclesiae reverentia.’
Page No 241 Note 1 Lortz, Joseph, The Reformation of Germany, 1968; Eng. trans, of Die Reformation in Deutschland, 3rd ed., 2 vols., Freiburg 1949 Google Scholar; Hubert Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, vol. 1, Eng. trans. 1957, Geschichte des Konzils von Trient, 1949.
Page No 241 Note 2 Lortz, Joseph, The Reformation in Germany 1, 152 Google Scholar.
Page No 241 Note 3 Ibid. 153.
Page No 241 Note 4 Ibid. 152-3.
Page No 241 Note 5 Ibid.
Page No 241 Note 6 Ibid. 245.
Page No 241 Note 7 Jedin, Hubert, A History of the Council of Trent, 1, 156 ffGoogle Scholar.
Page No 241 Note 8 Ibid. 160.
Page No 242 Note 1 Ibid. 359.
Page No 242 Note 2 Ibid. 364.
Page No 242 Note 3 Ibid. 364.
Page No 243 Note 1 For example Eckert, W. P., Erasmus von Rotterdam Werk und Werkung, 2 vols., Cologne 1967 Google Scholar; C. Bene, Erasme et St Augustin, Geneva 1969; J.-C. Margolin, Recherches Erasmiennes, Geneva 1969.
Page No 243 Note 2 Pastor, , The History of the Popes, 1912, xi, 362 Google Scholar.
Page No 243 Note 3 Among other problems for Clement VII was the fact of his illegitimate birth; Ranke, Werke, 37, 1.
Page No 247 Note 1 Pastor, , History of the Popes, xi, 383 Google Scholar.
Page No 247 Note 2 F. Lau and E. Bizer, A History of the Reformation in Germany to 1555, 1969, 162.
Page No 248 Note 1 Pastor, , History of the Popes, xi, 403 Google Scholar.
Page No 249 Note 1 Ioannis Calvini Opera quae supersunt omnia, xi, col. 136.
Page No 249 Note 2 Pastor, , History of the Popes, xi, 410-11Google Scholar.
Page No 249 Note 3 Ioannis Calvini Opera quae supersunt omnia, xi, col. 103.
Page No 250 Note 1 Archiv für Reformationsgeschkhte, vol. 43. 1, 1952. W. Lipgens, ‘Theologischer Standort fürstlicher Räte im sechzehnten Jahrhundert. Neue Quellen zum Wormser Verglichsgspräch, 1540/41’.
Page No 250 Note 2 Ibid. p. 44.
Page No 250 Note 3 Ioatmis Calvini opera qtiae supersunt omnia, xi, col. 137.
Page No 250 Note 4 Ibid.xi, col. 146.
Page No 250 Note 5 Zeitschrift für Kircheitgeschichte, vol. 50, 1931, Epigramme auf Teilnehmer am Wormser Religionsgespräch, 1540-1. O. Clemen, 449.
Page No 250 Note 6 Calvin, Opera, v, 427.
Eccius hesterno ruber atque inflatus Iaccho
Praebeat hue duris terga subaeta flagris.
Huc caput indomitum subdat, verum ante recepta,
Qua semper caruit, fronte Cochlaeus iners.
Nausea verbosis generans fastidia libris
Occluso tacitus iam ferat ore iugum.
Page No 251 Note 1 The General History of the Reformation of the Church, written in Latin by John Sleidan, and faithfully Englished, by E. Bohun, 1689, 269.
Page No 251 Note 2 Calvin, Opera, xi, col. 66. Calvin here claimed that the Pope had offered 300,000 ducats to promote war.
Page No 252 Note 1 Eells, Hastings, ‘The Origins of the Regensburg Book’, Princeton Theological Review, xxvi (1928), 359 Google Scholar. This study was based on the materials in M. Lenz, Briefwechsel Landgraf Philipps des Grossmütigen von Hessen mit Bucer, 3 parts, Leipzig 1880, 1887, 1891.
Page No 253 Note 1 Ibid. 359.
Page No 253 Note 2 Ibid. 363.
Page No 254 Note 1 Kolde, Regensburger Religionsgespräch, 548.
Page No 254 Note 2 Pastor, , History of the Popes, xi, 421 Google Scholar.
Page No 254 Note 3 Ibid. 425.
Page No 255 Note 1 Ibid. 429. For the written instructions of the Pope see Document 32 in Ranke, Werke, 37, 111.
Page No 255 Note 2 Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 51, 1, H. Mackensen, ‘Contarini’s Theological Role at Ratisbon in 1541’, 50.
Page No 255 Note 3 Ranke, Werke, 37,1. 91, and n. 2, and Hans Rückert, Die Theologische Entwicklung Castoro Contarinis, Bonn 1926, 103.
Page No 255 Note 4 Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 51,1, Mackensen, 55.
Page No 256 Note 1 Ibid. 41.
Page No 257 Note 1 Karl Brandi, The Emperor Charles V, trans. C. V. Wedgwood, 1954, 447.
Page No 257 Note 2 The Articles were published by Melanchthon and Bucer, and a French version was issued by Calvin. Philippi Melanthonis opera quae supersunt omnia, ed. E. G. Bretschneider, rv, 1836 ff.; Martin Bucer: Acta Colloquii in comitiis imperii Ratisponae habiti hoc est articuli de religione conciliati, et non conciliati omnes ut ab Imperatore Ordinibus Imperii ad iudicandum, et deliberandum propositi sunt. Strassburg 1541.
Page No 257 Note 3 Melanthonis opera, iv, col. 200: ‘Iustitiam, quae est in Christo, sibi gratis imputan, et quae simul pellicitationem Spiritus Sancti et charitatem accipit.. .Etsi autem is, qui iustificatur, iustitiam accipit et habet per Christum, etiam inhaerentem...’
Page No 258 Note 1 Ibid. col. 200: ‘sed soli iustitiae Christi nobis donatae, sine qua omnino nulla est nec esse potest iustitia’.
Page No 258 Note 2 Ibid. col. 201, in the last paragraph of Artide 5.
Page No 259 Note 1 Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 1960, 51,1, H. Mackensen, ‘Contarini’s Theological Role at Ratisbon in 1541’, provides an analysis of Contarini’s views on Justification. For a brief account of the views of Gropper on justification see W. van Gulik, Johannes Gropper ein Beitrag zur Kirchengeschichte Deutschianas... im 16 Jahrhundert, Freiburg im Breisgau 1906, 50 ff. Gulik cites the Enchiridion of Gropper, fol. 167b, ‘Ob id tandum dicimus, fidem iustificare, non quia sit causa iustificationis, sed quia nulla alia re misericordiam et gratiam Dei... accipiamus’; fol. 171b, ‘Constat enim in universum, operibus nostri causam iustificationis detrahi et recte ac vere dici nos sine operibus iustificari.’ For the causae of justification see Gulik’s citations from Gropper’s Antididagma, fol. 13b, and his Enchiridion, fol. 129b; Gulik, 54.
Page No 261 Note 1 Pastor, History of the Popes, 439.
Page No 262 Note 1 Ranke, Werke, 37,1, 107, citing Quirini, Epistolae Reginaldi Poli, t. 111, 25 Google Scholar.
Page No 262 Note 2 Ranke, Werke, 37,1, 109 and n. 1, citing Quirini, Epistolae Reginaldi Poli, t. 111, ep. CCLV.
Page No 262 Note 3 Ranke, Werke, 37, 1, 110, n. 2, citing Rainaldus.
Page No 263 Note 1 Jedin, , History of the Council of Trent, 1, 381 Google Scholar.
Page No 264 Note 1 ‘Neque placuit, neque placet, liber iste insulsus, neque placebit quo tot errores et vitia deprehendi: unde iudico, sicut semper iudicavi, eum a Catholicis nō recipiendū, qui relieto mō loquendi ecclesiae et patrū, Melanchthonizat.’
Page No 264 Note 2 ‘ Quā vane et impudenter haec Eccius scripserit, cognosces pie lector, ex supplicatione subiecta in qua nihil illi quod nō ita se habet, commemorarunt.’
Page No 264 Note 3 ‘haec febricitans [Eck had recently recovered from the fever which had prevented him debating for a time at Regensburg] forsan impetu magis animi quam certo iudicio effuderit, comperimus tamen ilium, hac sua suggestione evicisse... ad sic, ut ille vellet sentiendum sint [the princes and others] persuasi, et non persuasi tantum quod ad se attinet, sed etiam hue adducti, ut Caesariae quoque Maiestati haec quae Eccius effutivit, quam maxime approbata velint.’
Page No 264 Note 4 Melanthonis opera, v, 88.
Page No 265 Note 1 Apologia pro reverendis et illustris Principibus Catholicis, ac aliis ordinibus Imperii aduersus mucores et calumnias Buceri, super actis Comicorum Ratisponae. Apologia pro Reuerendiss. se ap. Legato et Cardinale, Caspare Contareno. Iohan. Eckio Authore. Cologne 1542. In the preface Eck accused Bucer of slandering the Catholic princes and Contarini in his account of the proceedings at Regensburg.
Page No 265 Note 2 Ibid. sig. B (the book is unpaginated).
Page No 266 Note 1 Jedin, History of the Council of Trent, 408-9.
Page No 266 Note 2 Ibid. 409.