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Neurodevelopmental vulnerability to psychosis: developmentally-based methods enable detection of early life inhibitory control deficits that predict psychotic-like experiences at the transition to adolescence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2023

Vanessa C. Zarubin Open the ORCID record for Vanessa C. Zarubin [Opens in a new window] ,
Katherine S. F. Damme ,
Teresa Vargas ,
K. Juston Osborne ,
Elizabeth S. Norton ,
Margaret Briggs-Gowan ,
Norrina B. Allen ,
Laurie Wakschlag  and
Vijay A. Mittal
Vanessa C. Zarubin*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Katherine S. F. Damme
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
Teresa Vargas
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
K. Juston Osborne
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Elizabeth S. Norton
Affiliation:
Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Margaret Briggs-Gowan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
Norrina B. Allen
Affiliation:
Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Laurie Wakschlag
Affiliation:
Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Vijay A. Mittal
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
*
Corresponding author: Vanessa C. Zarubin; Email: vanessazarubin2025@u.northwestern.edu
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Abstract

Background

Inhibitory control develops in early childhood, and atypical development may be a measurable marker of risk for the later development of psychosis. Additionally, inhibitory control may be a target for intervention.

Methods

Behavioral performance on a developmentally appropriate Go/No-Go task including a frustration manipulation completed by children ages 3–5 years (early childhood; n = 107) was examined in relation to psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; ‘tween’; ages 9–12), internalizing symptoms, and externalizing symptoms self-reported at long-term follow-up (pre-adolescence; ages 8–11). ERP N200 amplitude for a subset of these children (n = 34) with electrophysiological data during the task was examined as an index of inhibitory control.

Results

Children with lower accuracy on No-Go trials compared to Go trials in early childhood (F(1,101) = 3.976, p = 0.049), evidenced higher PLEs at the transition to adolescence 4–9 years later, reflecting a specific deficit in inhibitory control. No association was observed with internalizing or externalizing symptoms. Decreased accuracy during the frustration manipulation predicted higher internalizing, F(2,202) = 5.618, p = 0.004, and externalizing symptoms, F(2,202) = 4.663, p = 0.010. Smaller N200 amplitudes were observed on No-Go trials for those with higher PLEs, F(1,101) = 6.075, p = 0.020; no relationship was observed for internalizing or externalizing symptoms.

Conclusions

Long-term follow-up demonstrates for the first time a specific deficit in inhibitory control behaviorally and electrophysiology, for individuals who later report more PLEs. Decreases in task performance under frustration induction indicated risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that pathophysiological mechanisms for psychosis are relevant and discriminable in early childhood, and further, suggest an identifiable and potentially modifiable target for early intervention.

Keywords

Adolescenceearly childhoodERPinhibitory controlpsychopathologypsychosis
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 16 , December 2023 , pp. 7746 - 7755
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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