Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T14:40:43.371Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Smooth pursuit performance in patients with affective disorders or schizophrenia and normal controls: analysis with specific oculomotor measures, RMS error and qualitative ratings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

L. Friedman ,
J. A. Jesberger ,
L. J. Siever ,
P. Thompson ,
R. Mohs  and
H. Y. Meltzer
L. Friedman*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
J. A. Jesberger
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
L. J. Siever
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
P. Thompson
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
R. Mohs
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
H. Y. Meltzer
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr Lee Friedman, Department of Psychiatry, Hanna Pavilion Rm B68, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

Smooth pursuit performance in schizophrenia and affective disorders has generally been found to be abnormal using a variety of measures. The purpose of this study was to assess patients with these disorders and normal controls in order to compare the different measures across diagnoses. Smooth pursuit was assessed using quantitative specific measures (gain, catch-up saccade rate and amplitude, square-wave jerk rate, number of anticipatory saccades and total time scored), as well as two global measures: root mean-square error (RMS) and qualitative rating. As previously reported, patients with schizophrenia had low gain, increased catch-up saccade rate and spent less time engaged in scoreable smooth pursuit than normal controls. Patients with affective disorders were not statistically different from controls on any of these measures, and had significantly higher gain than patients with schizophrenia. RMS error and qualitative rating measures were highly correlated (r = 0·87). In linear regression analyses, the quantitative specific measures were highly significant predictors of both RMS error and qualitative ratings (P < 0·0001). Linear regression analyses and a modelling study indicated that one quantitative specific measure, the percent of time engaged in scoreable smooth pursuit (total time scored), was most related to global ratings. However, RMS error and qualitative ratings were less sensitive than total time scored to the difference between controls and patients with schizophrenia. These data indicate two smooth pursuit performance deficits in schizophrenia: patients spend less time engaged in scoreable smooth pursuit and have low gain (accompanied by increased compensatory saccades) when the smooth pursuit is engaged.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , March 1995 , pp. 387 - 403
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, L. A. & Ziegler, A. S. (1988). Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenics – what constitutes quantitative assessment? Biological Psychiatry 24, 747–761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abel, L. A., Friedman, L., Jesberger, J. A.Malki, A. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1991). Quantitative assessment of smooth pursuit gain and catch-up saccades in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry 29, 1063–1072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abel, L. A., Levin, S. & Holzman, P. S. (1992). Abnormalities of smooth pursuit and saccadic control in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Vision Research 32, 1009–1014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amador, X. F., Sackeim, H. A., Mukherjee, S., Halperin, R., Neeley, P., Maclin, E. & Schnur, D. (1991). Specificity of smooth pursuit eye movement and visual fixation abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 5, 135–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bain, L. J. & Englehardt, M. (1987). Introduction to Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Duxbury Press: Boston.Google Scholar
Bartko, J. J. & Carpenter, W. T. Jr (1976). On methods and theory of reliability. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183, 307–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, R. A. (1982). IBM's plan for life: toward a comprehensive health care strategy. Health Education Quarterly 9, 55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E. & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. John Wiley & Sons: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cegalis, J. A. & Sweeney, J. A. (1981). The effect of attention on smooth pursuit eye movements of schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research 16, 145–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clementz, B. A. & Sweeney, J. A. (1990). Is eye movement dysfunction a biological marker for schizophrenia? A methodological review. Psychological Bulletin 108, 77–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clementz, B. A., Grove, W. M., Iacono, W. G. & Sweeney, J. A. (1992). Smooth pursuit eye movement dysfunction and liability for schizophrenia: implications for genetic modelling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 117–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, W. J. & Imam, R. L. (1976). On some alternative procedures using ranks for the analysis of experimental designs. Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods A5, 1349–1368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbett, J. J., Jacobson, D. M., Thompson, H. S., Hart, M. N. & Albert, D. W. (1989). Downbeating nystagmus and other ocular motor defects caused by lithium toxicity. Neurology 39, 481–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devore, J. L. (1991). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, 3rd edn.Brooks/Cole: Pacific Grove, CA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R. L. (1978). A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 837–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, L., Jesberger, J. A. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1991). A model of smooth pursuit performance illustrates the relationship between gain, catch-up saccade rate and catch-up saccade amplitude in normal controls and patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 30, 537–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, L., Abel, L. A., Jesberger, J. A., Malki, A., Brar, R. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1992 a). A methodology for the assessment of smooth pursuit dysfunction. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2, 209–216.Google Scholar
Friedman, L., Abel, L. A., Jesberger, J. A., Malki, A. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1992 b). Saccadic intrusions into smooth pursuit in patients with schizophrenia or affective disorder and normal controls. Biological Psychiatry 31, 1110–1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooding, D. C., Iacono, W. G., Katsanis, J., Meiser, M. & Grove, W. M. (1993). The association between lithium carbonate and smooth pursuit eye tracking among first-episode patients with psychotic affective disorders. Psychophysiology 30, 3–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hays, W. L. (1973). Statistics for the Social Sciences, 2nd edn.Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.: New York.Google Scholar
Holzman, P. S. (1987). Recent studies of psychophysiology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13, 49–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzman, P. S., Solomon, C. M., Levin, S. & Waternaux, C. S. (1984). Pursuit eye movement dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 136–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzman, P. S., O'Brian, C. & Waternaux, C. (1991). Effects of lithium treatment on eye movements. Biological Psychiatry 29, 1001–1015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iacono, W. G. & Koenig, W. G. R. (1983). Features that distinguish the smooth-pursuit eye-tracking performance of schizophrenic, affective-disorder, and normal individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92, 29–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iacono, W. G. & Lykken, D. T. (1979). Electro-oculographic recording and scoring of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye tracking: a parametric study using monozygotic twins. Psychophysiology 16, 94–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iacono, W. G., Peloquin, L. J., Lumry, A. E., Valentine, R. H. & Tuason, V. B. (1982). Eye tracking in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders in remission. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 91, 35–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iacono, W. G., Moreau, M., Beiser, M., Fleming, J. A. E. & Lin, T. (1992). Smooth pursuit eye tracking in first-episode psychotic patients and their relatives. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 104–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kufferle, B., Friedman, A., Topitz, A., Foldes, P., Anderer, P., Kutzer, M. & Steinberger, K. (1990). Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: influences of neuroleptic treatment and the question of specificity. Psychopathology 23, 106–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, E. L. & D'Abrera, H. J. M. (1975). Nonparametrics. Holden-Day Inc.: San Francisco.Google Scholar
Leigh, R. J. & Zee, D. S. (1991). The Neurology of Eye Movement, 2nd edn.F. A. Davis Co.: Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Levin, S., Lipton, R. B. & Holzman, P. S. (1981). Pursuit eye movements in psychopathology: effects of target characteristics. Biological Psychiatry 16, 255–267.Google ScholarPubMed
Levin, S., Leubke, A., Zee, D. S., Hain, T. C., Robinson, D. A. & Holzman, P. S. (1988). Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenics: quantitative measurements with the search coil technique. Journal of Psychiatric Research 22, 195–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, D. L., Dorus, E., Shaughnessy, R., Yasillo, N. J., Pandey, G. N., Janicak, P. G., Gibbons, R. D., Gaviria, M. & Davis, J. M. (1985). Pharmacological evidence for specificity of pursuit dysfunction to schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 335–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, D. L., Holzman, P. S., Matthysse, S. & Mendell, N. R. (1993). Eye tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia: a critical perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin 19, 461–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsey, D. T., Holzman, P. S., Haberman, S. & Yasillo, N. J. (1978). Smooth-pursuit eye movements: a comparison of two measurement techniques for studying schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 5, 491–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipton, R. B., Levin, S. & Holzman, P. S. (1980). Horizontal and vertical pursuit eye movements, the oculocephalic reflex, and the functional psychoses. Psychiatry Research 3, 193–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, J. A., Neufeld, R. W. J., Merskey, H. & Russell, N. C. (1989). Release of saccades in schizophrenics: inattention or inefficiency? European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 239, 23–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shagass, C., Amadeo, M. & Overton, D. A. (1974). Eye tracking performance in psychiatric patients. Biological Psychiatry 4, 245–260.Google Scholar
Solomon, C. M., Holzman, P. S., Levin, S. & Gale, H. J. (1987). The association between eye-tracking dysfunctions and thought disorder in pyschosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 44, 31–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. & Endicott, J. (1978). NIMH Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version, 3rd edn.New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Division: New York.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. & Robbins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 773–782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeney, J. A., Clementz, B. A., Escobar, M. D., Li, S., Pauler, D. K. & Haas, G. L. (1993). Mixture analysis of pursuit eyetracking dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 34, 331–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. & Nixon, J. (1975). Discriminating symptoms in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 853–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yee, R. D., Baloh, R. W., Marder, S. R., Levy, D. L., Sakala, S. M. & Honrubia, V. (1987). Eye movements in schizophrenia. Investigative Ophthalmology ad Visual Science 28, 366–374.Google ScholarPubMed