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The intriguing host innate immune response: novel anti-parasitic defence by neutrophil extracellular traps

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 April 2014

CARLOS HERMOSILLA ,
TAMARA MUÑOZ CARO ,
LILIANA M. R. SILVA ,
ANTONIO RUIZ  and
ANJA TAUBERT
CARLOS HERMOSILLA*
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
TAMARA MUÑOZ CARO
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
LILIANA M. R. SILVA
Affiliation:
ICAAM – Instituto Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, IIFA/Universidade de Évora, Portugal
ANTONIO RUIZ
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Pathology, Parasitology Unit, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
ANJA TAUBERT
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. E-mail: Carlos.R.Hermosilla@vetmed.uni-giessen.de
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Summary

The capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and other leucocytes of the innate immune system to expel their DNA in a controlled process into the extracellular environment to trap and kill pathogenic microorganisms led to a paradigm shift in our comprehension of host leucocyte-pathogen interactions. Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has recently been recognized as a novel effector mechanism of the host innate immune response against microbial infections. Meanwhile evidence has arisen that NET formation is a widely spread mechanism in vertebrates and invertebrates and extends not only to the entrapment of microbes, fungi and viruses but also to the capture of protozoan and metazoan parasites. PMN produce NETs after stimulation with mitogens, cytokines or pathogens in a controlled process which depends on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of the Raf-MEK-ERK-mediated signalling pathway cascade. NETs consist of nuclear DNA as a backbone decorated with histones, antimicrobial peptides, and PMN-specific granular enzymes thereby providing an extracellular matrix capable of entrapping and killing invasive pathogens. This review is intended to summarize parasite-related data on NETs. Special attention will be given to NET-associated mechanisms by which parasites, in particular apicomplexa, might be hampered in their ability to reproduce within the host cell and complete the life cycle.

Keywords

Neutrophilneutrophil extracellular trapsinnate immunityparasite infectionDNAhistones
Type
Special Issue Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 141 , Special Issue 11: ApiCOWplexa 2013 – 2nd International Meeting on Apicomplexan Parasites in Farm Animals , September 2014 , pp. 1489 - 1498
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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