Misunderstanding exists about the origin of the Himalaya, Indo-Tibetan relationships and the extent and history of Gondwanaland. The Indus Suture Line is a relic of fracture to the mantle but for a period only represented by the faunas of the ‘exotic blocks’ of the Tibetan Himalaya, i.e. Permian—Late Jurassic. Tibet appears originally to have been part of a plate including India, but submerged while India remained continental. Associated with the fracture extending to the mantle represented now by the Indus Suture Line, shallower subparallel fractures developed within which the Gondwana sediments of the Himalaya were preserved. These, together with the salt at the base of the Tethyan marine sequence, facilitated intra-continental orogeny when, much later, India was affected by vigorous sea-floor spreading and plate movement in the NW Indian ocean after it had become attached to Asia.

The northern plate boundary was beyond Tibet, on the N side of the Tarim Basin Block, and along the Tien Shan. The Tien Shan present peculiar features, particularly very deep long intramontane depressions such as Issyk Kul in USSR and Turfan-Hami in China, and their stratigraphy shows persistent mobility. The Tarim Basin Block has moved sinistrally relative to Tibet and in Gondwanaland lay near northern Western Australia. The suggested extent of Gondwanaland explains the present lack of continental crust W of Western Australia, now in Tibet, and the intracontinental origin of the Himalaya is consistent with the absence of recent volcanism in an area of considerable seismicity. The association of Tibet with India in Gondwanaland destroys the effectiveness of arguments against continental drift based upon the extension of Indian stratigraphic sequences across the Himalaya. The hypothesis of an enlarged Gondwanaland is given support by recent Chinese discoveries of terrestrial vertebrate fossils of Gondwanic type near the Tien Shan.