Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T22:18:04.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Deep Federalism through Local Initiative: Unbundling Sovereignty in Winnipeg

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2008

Christopher Leo
Affiliation:
University of Winnipeg
Todd Andres
Affiliation:
Pitblado LLP

Abstract

Abstract. Building on an international literature that stresses the growing importance of cities in both the economy and governance, this paper proceeds from the premise that national government support is essential to the maintenance of a social safety net, but that a great deal of local initiative is also necessary in order to ensure that national government funds are spent in a manner appropriate to the very different conditions in different cities. The paper focuses on a case in which a municipal government initiated a tri-level government program. Winnipeg officials and politicians developed a proposal for federal and provincial participation in a locally created welfare-to-work scheme, a scheme that, unlike conventional workfare, offered union wages and training leading to well-paid work. The municipal government provided on-the-job training for workers selected from the welfare rolls to carry out infrastructure upgrades and financed the project with money the federal and provincial governments saved on welfare payments. The paper argues that the municipal government was uniquely well placed to identify needed work, as well as to choose welfare recipients who would be able to benefit from the job training on offer. In this case, therefore, we argue that local initiative was essential to the success of this federally and provincially financed welfare-to-work program. The findings of the theoretical literature we review suggest that it could eventually become a precedent for further municipal and local activism along similar lines.

Résumé. S'inspirant d'une littérature internationale—comprenant les contributions de Canadiens tels que Magnusson, Elkins et Courcherne—qui souligne l'importance croissante des villes dans l'économie et la gouvernance, et s'inspirant également du savoir déjà acquis sur le fédéralisme de fond, cette communication part de la prémisse que l'appui du gouvernement fédéral est indispensable au maintien d'un filet de sécurité sociale, mais que l'initiative locale est très importante pour assurer que les fonds versés par le gouvernement national soient exploités d'une manière qui réponde aux circonstances particulières des villes différentes. La présente communication porte sur un projet lancé par une administration municipale mais destiné aux trois niveaux de gouvernement. En effet, ce sont les employés et l'administration de la Ville de Winnipeg qui ont mis sur pied un projet de retour au travail pour les bénéficiaires d'une aide sociale auquel les gouvernements fédéral et provincial devaient participer. Contrairement aux programmes conventionnels de travaux d'utilité publique, ce projet offrait un salaire conforme aux règles syndicales en même temps qu'une formation sur le lieu de travail. C'est le gouvernement municipal qui assurait cette formation aux individus choisis de la liste des bénéficiaires d'une aide sociale et dont le travail consistait à hausser l'infrastructure. C'est aussi le gouvernement municipal qui finançait le projet avec l'argent que les gouvernements fédéral et provincial avaient économisé sur les fonds de solidarité. La communication prétend que le gouvernement municipal est particulièrement bien placé pour identifier les travaux nécessaires et pour sélectionner les bénéficiaires d'aide sociale les plus capables de profiter de la formation donnée sur le poste de travail. Nous prétendons donc que, dans ce cas, le succès de ce programme de retour au travail pour les bénéficiaires d'une aide sociale, financé aux niveaux fédéral et provincial, dépendait de l'initiative locale. La littérature théorique que nous avons passée en revue suggère que ce projet puisse finir par devenir le modèle pour d'autres activités municipales et locales du même genre.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2008 Canadian Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aalberts, Tanja E. 2004. “The Future of Sovereignty in Multilevel Governance Europe: A Constructivist Reading.” Journal of Common Market Studies 42 (1): 2346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abram, Simone and Richard Cowell. 2004. “Dilemmas of Implementation: ‘Integration’ and ‘Participation’ in Norwegian and Scottish Local Government.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 22: 70119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentley, Sue. 2003. Director, Policy and Program Development, Employment Assistance Program, Employment and Housing Division, Manitoba Family Services and Housing. Personal communication. June 18.
Big City Mayors' Caucus. 2002. Model Framework for a City Charter. Ottawa: Federation of Canadian Municipalities. http://www.canadascities.ca/background.htm (July 10, 2006).
Blatter, Joachim. 2004. “From ‘Spaces of Place’ to ‘Spaces of Flows’? Territorial and Functional Governance in Cross-border Regions in Europe and North America.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 28 (3): 53048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borraz, Olivier and Peter John. 2004. “The Transformation of Urban Political Leadership in Western Europe.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 28 (1): 10720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börzel, Tanja A. 2002. States and Regions in the European Union: Institutional Adaptation in Germany and Spain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brenner, Neil. 2004. New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cameron, David and Richard Simeon. 2002. “Intergovernmental Relations in Canada: The Emergence of Collaborative Federalism.” Publius 32 (2): 4971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
City of Winnipeg. 1995. Social Services Department, Employment, Training and Education Services. Initiatives and Partnerships. March.
Courchene, Thomas J. 1995. Celebrating Flexibility: An Interpretive Essay on the Evolution of Canadian Federalism. Montreal: CD Howe Institute.
Eagin, Joe. 2003. Community Resources Co-ordinator/Emergency Co-ordinator for Social/Public Services. Personal communication. June 16. [2003]
Elkins, David J. 1995. Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty-First Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Employment and Income Assistance Act. Continuing Consolidated Statutes of Manitoba. CCSM c. E89.
Good, Kristin. 2006. “Multicultural Democracy in the City: Explaining Municipal Responsiveness to Immigrants and Ethno-cultural Minorities.” Doctoral dissertation. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
Gorlick, Carolyne and Guy Brethour. 1998. Welfare-to-Work Programs in Canada: An Overview. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development.
Healey, Patsy. 2004. “The Treatment of Space and Place in the New Strategic Spatial Planning in Europe.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 28 (1): 4567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. 1996. “‘Europe with the Regions’: Channels of Regional Representation in the European Union.” Publius 26 (1): 7391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Robert and Doreen Jackson. 2001. Politics in Canada: Culture, Institutions, Behaviour and Public Policy. 5th ed. Toronto: Pearson.
Jeffery, Charlie. 2000. “Sub-National Mobilization and European Integration: Does It Make Any Difference?Journal of Common Market Studies 38 (1): 123.Google Scholar
Jessop, Bob. 1990. State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in its Place. Cambridge: Polity.
Jessop, Bob. 1993. “Towards a Schumpeterian Workfare State? Preliminary Remarks on Post-Fordist Political Economy.” Studies in Political Economy 40: 739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Lorna. 2003. Receptionist, PATH, North End Community Renewal Corporation. Personal Communication. July 16.
Keating, Michael. 2003. “The Invention of Regions: Political Restructuring and Territorial Governance in Western Europe.” In State/Space: A Reader, ed. N. Brenner, B. Jessop, M. Jones and G. Macleod. Oxford: Blackwell.
Leo, Christopher. 1977. The Politics of Urban Development: Canadian Urban Expressway Disputes. Toronto: Institute of Public Administration of Canada.
Leo, Christopher. 2005. “Recognizing Community Difference: Homelessness in Winnipeg, Vancouver and Saint John.” Paper presented at York University, Toronto.
Leo, Christopher. 2006. “Deep Federalism: Respecting Community Difference in National Policy.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 39 (3): 481506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leo, Christopher and Martine August. 2004. “The Federal Government and Homelessness: Community Initiative or Dictation from Above?Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Winnipeg.
Leo, Christopher and Martine August. 2006. “Not Your Grandfather's Immigration Policy: Manitoba's Responsive Approach to Immigration and Settlement.” Unpublished manuscript. Winnipeg.
Leo, Christopher and Jeremy Enns. 2006. “Trickle-Down Social Policy: A Community Perspective on Rescaling.” Conference paper for the International Sociological Association, Durban, South Africa. July.
Leo, Christopher and Susan Mulligan. 2004. “Rethinking Urban Governance in the 21st Century.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Urban Affairs Association, Washington, DC.
Leo, Christopher, with Susan Mulligan. 2006. “City Politics: Globalization and Community Democracy.” In Canadian Politics: Critical Reflections, ed. Joan Grace and Byron Sheldrick. Toronto: Pearson.
Magnusson, Warren. 1996. The Search for Political Space: Globalization, Social Movements, and the Urban Political Experience. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Mahon, Rianne. 2003. “Yet Another ‘R’? The Redesign and Rescaling of Welfare Regimes.” Toronto: Committee on Poverty, Social Welfare and Social Policy, International Sociology Association.
Manitoba Conservation, Province of Manitoba. Managing Manitoba's Urban Forests. http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/forestry/forest-urban/u-intro.html (February 18, 2004).
Martindale, Doug. 2003. Province of Manitoba, Private Member's Business, Proposed Resolutions. Res. 17: Social Assistance and Job Creation. http://www.gov.mb.ca/leg-asmb/hansard/1st-36th/vol40a/h040a_4.html (June 5, 2003).
Morin, Donna May. 2003. Employment Development Director, PATH, North End Community Renewal Corporation. Personal communication. July 17.
National Council of Welfare. 2004. Poverty Profile 2001. Ottawa: National Council of Welfare.
North End Community Renewal Corporation. 2003. http://www.north-endrenewal.org/index.htm (June 27, 2003).
PATH, North End Community Renewal Corporation. September 2, 2004. Spreadsheet Internal Document, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Province of Manitoba (a), Manitoba Family Services. 1994. Annual Report, 1993–1994. Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Province of Manitoba (b), Manitoba Family Services. 1995. Annual Report, 1994–1995. Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Province of Manitoba (c), Manitoba Family Services. 1999. Annual Report, 1998–1999. Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Province of Manitoba. 1999. “Provincial and City Social Assistance to Merge.” Press Release, March 31. http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/press/top/1999/03/1999-03-31-01.html (July 14, 2003).
Redekopp, Bill. 1994. “City Poor Flood Jobs Program: Thousands Scramble for 152 Spots.” Winnipeg Free Press, May 5, A1.
Reynolds, Elizabeth B. 1995. “Subsidized Employment Programs and Welfare Reform: The Quebec Experience.” In Workfare: Does it Work? Is it Fair? ed. Adil Sayeed. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
Shragge, Eric. 1996. “Workfare: An Overview.” In Workfare: Ideology for a New Underclass, ed. Eric Shragge. Toronto: Garamond Press.
Shragge, Eric, ed. 1996. Workfare: Ideology for a New Underclass. Toronto: Garamond Press.
Shragge, Eric and Marc-Andre Deniger. 1996. “Workfare in Quebec.” In Workfare: Ideology for a New Underclass, ed. Eric Shragge. Toronto: Garamond Press.
Simmonds, Russell. 1992. City of Winnipeg, Social Services Department. Civic Responses to Winnipeg's Economic, Social and Demographic Problems in the 1990's. February. Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Simmonds, Russell. 1995. City of Winnipeg, Social Services Department. Working: An Infrastructure Demonstration Project. February. Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Simmonds, Russell. 2003. Former Director of Social Services, City of Winnipeg. Personal communication. June 26.
Simmonds, Russell. 2004. Former Director of Social Services, City of Winnipeg. Personal communication. May 25.
Smith, Patrick J. and Kennedy Stewart. 2006. “Local Whole-of-Government Policymaking in Vancouver: Beavers, Cats and the Mushy Middle Thesis.” In Municipal-Federal-Provincial Relations in Canada, eds. Robert Young and Christian Leuprecht. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. 2001. “Social Economy Experiment Gets Underway.” Social Research and Demonstration Corporation: Learning What Works 2 (1): 79. http://www.srdc.org/english/publications/volume_1_number_1-en.pdf (May 29, 2003).Google Scholar
Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. 2002. “Situating CEIP in the Context of the Social Economy.” Social Research and Demonstration Corporation: Learning What Works 2 (1): 69. http://www.srdc.org/english/publications/volume_2_number_1-en.pdf (May 29, 2003).Google Scholar
Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. 2003. “Community Employment Innovation Project.” Social Research and Demonstration Corporation: Learning What Works. http://www.srdc.org/english/projects/CEIP.htm (May 29, 2003).
Sterdan, Michael. 1998. City of Winnipeg, Chief Administrative Officer Secretariat. Strategic Infrastructure Reinvestment Policy: Report and Recommendations. Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Torjman, Sherri. 1998. Community-Based Poverty Reduction. Ottawa: Caledon Institute of Social Policy.