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Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
March 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9781139135146

Book description

This book examines the social transformation wrought by the abolition of slavery in 1834 in South Africa's Cape Colony. It pays particular attention to the effects of socioeconomic and cultural changes in the way both freed slaves and dominant whites adjusted to the new world. It compares South Africa's relatively peaceful transition from a slave to a non-slave society to the bloody experience of the US South after abolition, analyzing rape hysteria in both places as well as the significance of changing concepts of honor in the Cape. Finally, the book examines the early development of South Africa's particular brand of racism, arguing that abolition, not slavery itself, was a causative factor; although racist attitudes were largely absent while slavery persisted, they grew incrementally but steadily after abolition, driven primarily by whites' need for secure, exploitable labor.

Reviews

'This book, based on meticulous research, is well written and at times deliciously sharp. It provides an unprecedented account of the ways in which both the slaves of the Cape Colony and their erstwhile owners reorganized their intertwined lives in the aftermath of abolition. For the first time, a description of Cape society is combined with a clear understanding of the shifting social ideologies that led to an enhanced South African racism. It is a singular achievement.'

Robert Ross - Leiden University

'Rick Watson's accessible book admirably synthesizes existing scholarship with his new research, and, by focusing on the era of slave emancipation at the Cape, makes an important contribution to knowledge of the origins of South African racism.'

Christopher Saunders - University of Cape Town

'This is a critical study of a much neglected period - the decades around and after slave emancipation in the 1830s - and its impact on the racial structuring of the Cape Colony. Watson writes with vigor and insight, offering fresh perspectives on a vital topic in South African history, with comparative insights from North American scholarship.'

Nigel Worden - University of Cape Town

'A clear written study of a neglected area of history, it will provide teachers with an important point of comparison with the parallel development of racism in the West Indies.'

Richard Brown Source: Historical Association Newsletter

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Contents

Archival Sources and Bibliography

Archival Primary Sources

  • Western Cape Archives, Cape Town, (formerly Cape Archives) records consulted

  • 1 AY 1/4 Criminal Records, Albany, 1835–1839

  • 1 AY 3/1/1/1/3 Criminal Records, Albany, 1835–1837

  • 1 CT 11/26 Letters from Superintendent of Police, 1825–1834

  • 1 CT 11/6 Letters rec’d from Resident Magistrates and Civil Commissioners from Colonial Office, 1831–1851

  • 1 CT 3/1 Civil Cases, Cape Town, 1828

  • 1 CT 6/15 Criminal Court Cases, Cape Town, 1829–1830

  • 1 CT 6/16 Criminal Court Cases, Cape Town, 1831–1833

  • 1 CT 6/18 Criminal Court Cases, Cape Town, 1835–1849

  • 1 CT 8/1 Criminal Record Books, Cape Town, Jan. 1830–Aug. 1832

  • 1 CT 8/9 Criminal Record Book, Resident Magistrate of Cape Town, Mar. 1832–Mar. 1839

  • 1 CT 8/10 Criminal Record Book, Resident Magistrate of Cape Town, Mar. 1839–Feb. 1850

  • 1 GR 2/27 Criminal Records, Graaff-Reinet, 1830–1831

  • 1 GR 2/33 Criminal Records, Graaff-Reinet, 1833

  • 1 GR 2/49 Criminal Records, Graaff-Reinet, 1839

  • 1 GR 2/51 Circuit Court, Graaff-Reinet, 1839

  • 1 GR 3a/3 Criminal Records, Graaff-Reinet, 1834

  • 1 GR 3a/4 Criminal Records, Graaff-Reinet, 1836–1841

  • 1 STB 2/31 Circuit Court Cases, Stellenbosch, Sept. 1830

  • 1 STB 2/36 Pt.I Circuit Court Cases, Stellenbosch, 1838

  • 1 STB 2/36 Pt.II Circuit Court Cases, Stellenbosch, 1839

  • 1 STB 2/37 Pt.I Circuit Court Cases, Stellenbosch, 1840

  • 1 STB 2/37 Pt.II Circuit Court Cases, Stellenbosch, 1841 (incomplete)

  • 1 STB 5/56 Civil Cases, Stellenbosch, 1828

  • 1 SWM 2/12 Untried Criminal Cases, Swellendam, 1831

  • 1 SWM 2/13 Pt.I Criminal Cases, Swellendam, 1831

  • 1 SWM 2/13 Pt.II Criminal Cases, Circuit Court, Swellendam, 1831–1832

  • 1 SWM 2/14 Untried Criminal Cases, Swellendam, 1831–1833

  • 1 SWM 2/17 Untried Criminal Cases, Swellendam, 1833–1835

  • 1 SWM 2/18 Criminal Records, Circuit Court, Swellendam, 1835

  • 1 SWM 2/18 Pt.II Criminal Cases, 1836, preparatory examinations

  • 1 SWM 2/21 Criminal Cases, not prosecuted, Swellendam, 1838

  • 1 SWM 2/22 Pt.I Criminal Records, Swellendam, 1839

  • 1 SWM 2/22 Pt.II Criminal Records, Swellendam, 1839, preparatory examinations

  • 1 SWM 2/23 Criminal Records, Circuit Court, Swellendam, 1840

  • 1 UIT 2/1 Pt.I Criminal Records, Uitenhage, 1836–1841, Pt.I

  • 1 UIT 2/1 Pt.II Criminal Records, Uitenhage, 1836–1841, Pt.II

  • 1 UIT 4/1/1/1 Criminal Records, Uitenhage, 1828–1832

  • 1 WOC 4/1/1/3 Criminal Records, Worcester, Apr. 1828–Nov. 1832

  • 1 WOC 4/1/1/7 Criminal Records, Worcester, 1837–1839

  • 1 WOC 5/17 Circuit Court Papers, Worcester, 1828–1849

  • A 50 W.R. Morrison Papers

  • A 1641 Langham-Carter Papers

  • A 1777 Private Papers of Hamilton Ross

  • CO 441 Letters Rec’d, Special Justices, etc., 1835

  • CO 452 Letters Rec’d, Special Justices, etc., 1836

  • CO 465 Letters Rec’d, Special Justices, etc., 1837

  • CO 476 Letters Rec’d, Special Justices, etc., 1838

  • CO 521 Supreme Court, Correspondence and Dispatches, 1843

  • CO 599 Supreme Court, Correspondence and Dispatches, 1850

  • CO 2753 Letters Rec’d, Stellenbosch, 1835

  • CO 2754 Letters Rec’d, Swellendam, 1835

  • CO 2757 Letters Rec’d, Graaff-Reinet, 1835

  • CO 2759 Letters Rec’d, Cape District, 1836

  • CO 2768 Letters Rec’d, Stellenbosch, 1837

  • CO 2780 Letters Rec’d, Acting Sec’y to Lt. Gov., 1838

  • CO 2792 Letters Rec’d, Stellenbosch, Paarl, 1840

  • CO 2795 Letters Rec’d, Albany, Somerset, Cradock, Graaff-Reinet, Beaufort, Colesberg, 1840

  • CO 2796 Letters Rec’d, Worcester, Clanwilliam, 1840

  • CO 2799 Letters Rec’d, Wynberg, Malmesbury, 1841

  • CO 2800 Letters Rec’d, Stellenbosch, Paarl, 1841

  • CO 2801 Letters Rec’d, Swellendam, Caledon, 1841

  • CO 2803 Letters Rec’d, Albany, Somerset, Graaff-Reinet, Colesberg, Beaufort, 1841

  • CSC 1/1/1/2 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1829

  • CSC 1/1/1/3 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1830

  • CSC 1/1/1/5 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1832

  • CSC 1/1/1/6 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1833

  • CSC 1/1/1/7 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1834

  • CSC 1/1/1/8 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1835

  • CSC 1/1/1/9 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1836

  • CSC 1/1/1/10 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1837–1839

  • CSC 1/1/1/11 Criminal Records, Supreme Court, 1840–1842

  • CSC 2/1/1/13 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Sept. 1830, v.3

  • CSC 2/1/1/14 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Dec. 1830, v.5

  • CSC 2/1/1/15 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Mar. 1831, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/16 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, June 1831, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/17 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Sept. 1831, v.3

  • CSC 2/1/1/18 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Dec. 1831, v.4

  • CSC 2/1/1/19 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Mar. 1832, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/20 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, June 1832, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/21 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Sept. 1832, v.3

  • CSC 2/1/1/22 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Dec. 1832, v.4

  • CSC 2/1/1/27 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb.–June 1834, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/28 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Aug. 1834, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/29 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Aug. 1834, v.3

  • CSC 2/1/1/30 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Dec. 1834, v.4

  • CSC 2/1/1/31 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb. 1835, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/32 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Aug.–Nov. 1835, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/33 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb. 1836, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/34 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, May 1836, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/37 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb.–May 1837, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/38 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Aug.–Nov. 1837, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/39 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb.–May 1838, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/40 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Aug. 1838, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/41 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Nov. 1838, v.3

  • CSC 2/1/1/42 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb.–Mar. 1839, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/44 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb.–May 1840, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/45 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Aug.–Nov. 1840, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/46 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb.–May 1841, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/49 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Feb. 1842, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/50 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, May 1842, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/52 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, May 1843, v.1

  • CSC 2/1/1/53 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, Aug.–Nov. 1842, v.2

  • CSC 2/1/1/55 Supreme Court, Civil Cases, 1845

  • GH 1/117 General Dispatches, Nov. 1837

  • SO 1/35 Letters Rec’s, Ass’t Guard. of Slaves, Stellenbosch

  • SO 6/19 Register of Slaves

  • National Archives of the United Kingdom, Great Britain, London, Kew (formerly Public Record Office)

  • CO 48 Colonial Office Records

  • CO 52 Cape Colony Government Gazette

  • CO 53 Graham’s Town Journal

  • National Library of South Africa, Cape Town (formerly South African Library)

  • Cape Town Mail

  • De Zuid Afrikaan

  • South African Commercial Advertiser

  • South African Quarterly Journal

  • Yale University Divinity School Library, New Haven, Connecticut

  • Council for World Mission (London Missionary Society) archives

  • Methodist Missionary Society (Wesleyan) archives

  • Library of the Religious Society of Friends, London

  • Extracts from the Journal of James Backhouse, 092.3 BAC, 1838

  • James Backhouse Letter Book, nos. 1 and 2, 1837–1841, MS VOL. 569

  • Miscellaneous Letters, Box R4/5

Works Cited and Consulted

Bibliographies

Miller, Joseph C., Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography. Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1993.
Shell, Robert C.-H., Sandra Rowoldt Shell, andMogamat Kamedien, eds., Bibliographies of Bondage: Selected Bibliographies of South African Slavery and Abolition. Cape Town: Nagspro Multimedia, 2007.

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Backhouse, James, Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and South Africa. London: Hamilton, Adams, and Co., 1844.
Boyden, Peter B., ed., The British Army in the Cape Colony: Soldiers’ Letters and Diaries. London: Society for Army Historical Research: 2001.
Du Toit, André, andHermann Giliomee, eds., Afrikaner Political Thought: Analysis and Documents. Vol. I. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Fawcett, John, An Account of Eighteen Months’ Residence at the Cape of Good Hope in 1835–1836. Cape Town: G. J. Pike, 1836.
Godlonton, Robert, Introductory Remarks to a Narrative of the Irruption of the Kafir Hordes into the Eastern Province of the Cape of Good Hope, A.D. 1834–35. Grahamstown: Meurant and Godlonton, 1835; and A Narrative of the Irruption of the Kafir Hordes into the Eastern Province of the Cape of Good Hope, A.D. 1834–35. Grahamstown: Meurant and Godlonton, 1836; both contained in reprint, Cape Town: C. Struik, 1965.
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Het Regsgading … van Willem Gebhard, over dit Vermoorden van den Manslaaf Joris van Mosambiek. Cape Town: anonymously printed, 1822.
Le Cordeur, Basil, andChristopher Saunders, eds., The Kitchingman Papers. Johannesburg: The Brenthurst Press, 1976.
Mayson, John Schofield, The Malays of Cape Town, South Africa. Manchester: Cave and Sever, 1855.
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Murray, Dr., “On Vaccination,” South African Quarterly Journal, II (Oct. 1833).
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Philip, John, Researches in South Africa. 2 vols., London: James Duncan, 1828; reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969.
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Shell, Robert C.-H., ed., “‘Slaves’: An Essay by Samuel Eusebius Hudson,” Kronos 9 (1984), 44–70.
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Unpublished Dissertations, Theses, and Papers

Bank, Andrew, “Liberals and Their Enemies: Racial Ideology at the Cape of Good Hope, 1820 to 1850,” PhD dissertation, Cambridge University, 1995.
Bank, Andrew, “Race and Liberalism in Colonial South Africa.” Paper presented to the South African and Contemporary History Seminar, University of the Western Cape, May 20, 1997.
Deacon, Harriet, “Professionalism and the State: Doctors in the Cape Colony in the Early 19th Century.” Paper presented to the Africa Seminar, Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, October 1995.
Erlank, Natasha, “Letters Home: The Experiences and Perceptions of Middle Class British Women at the Cape, 1820–1850,” Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995.
Iannini, Craig, “Contracted Chattel: Indentured and Apprenticed Labour in Cape Town, 1808–1840,” Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995.
Iannini, Craig, “Slavery, Philanthropy, and Hegemony: A History of the Cape of Good Hope Philanthropic Society, 1828–1833,” BA Honors thesis, University of Cape Town Department of History, 1993.
Judges, Shirley, “Poverty, Living Conditions, and Social Relations: Aspects of Life in Cape Town in the 1830s,” Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town, 1977.
Ludlow, Elizabeth Helen, “Missions and Emancipation in the South Western Cape: A Case Study of Groenekloof (Mamre), 1838–1852,” Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992.
Meltzer, Jacqueline Lalou, “The Growth of Cape Town Commerce and the Role of John Fairbairn’s Advertiser,” Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989.
Saunders, Christopher, “Liberated Africans: New Perspectives on the South African Case.” Paper presented at Conference on Liberated Africans, Berkeley, May 2008.
Whittaker, Louise, “In the Shadow of Slavery: Masters and Servants in the Worcester District, 1839–1845,” BA Honors thesis, University of Cape Town Department of History, 1992.
Worden, Nigel, “Armed with Ostrich Feathers: Order and Disorder in the Cape Slave Uprising of 1808.” Paper presented at War, Empire, and Slavery conference, University of York, May 16–18, 2008.

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