Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T02:48:09.629Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Proglacial megaflooding along the margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2010

By
Alan E. Kehew ,
Mark L. Lord ,
Andrew L. Kozlowski  and
Timothy G. Fisher
Edited by
Devon M. Burr ,
Paul A. Carling  and
Victor R. Baker
Devon M. Burr
Affiliation:
University of Tennessee
Paul A. Carling
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
Victor R. Baker
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
Get access

Summary

Summary

Megafloods from glacial lakes were common along the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. These outbursts resulted in a complex network of spillways with characteristic erosional and depositional forms. Meltwater was impounded in front of and beneath the ice margin as the Late Wisconsin Laurentide Ice Sheet melted back from its maximum extent. Lakes that formed in this dynamic environment drained completely or partially. Various factors aided in the impoundment of meltwater lakes, including isostatic depression of the land surface in the vicinity of the retreating margin, topography that sloped toward the ice margin, glacial erosion of trough-like depressions by ice streaming in major outlet lobes, and moraine ridges formed when the ice was more extensive. Subaerial megafloods were triggered probably by the failure of ice-cored or sediment-cored moraine dams or rapid incision of outlets caused by incoming subaerial and/or subglacial megafloods. Complete drainage of lakes was likely where non-resistant glacial or bedrock materials made up the outlet region.

Proglacial megaflood discharges were typically 0.1–1.0 Sv, short in duration, and, in some places, achieved velocities in excess of 10 ms−1. Outburst flows were highly erosive and carved a suite of small-scale to large-scale erosional forms, including potholes, longitudinal grooves, streamlined hills, transverse bedforms, anastomosing channels and spillways. Not all these forms are present along all megaflood pathways, except for spillways, which are ubiquitous; they are trench-shaped, 1–4 km wide, and tens of metres deep.

Type
Chapter
Information
Megaflooding on Earth and Mars , pp. 104 - 127
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alley, R. B., Mayewski, P. A., Sowers, T.et al. (1997). Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology, 25, 483–486.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, T. W. (1988). Late Quaternary pollen stratigraphy of the Ottawa Valley–Lake Ontario region and its application in dating the Champlain Sea. In The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin, ed. Gadd, N. R.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 35, pp. 207–224.Google Scholar
Baker, V. R. (1973). Paleohydrology and Sedimentology of the Lake Missoula Flooding in Eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper 144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V. R. (1982). The Channels of Mars. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Baker, V. R., Greeley, R., Komar, P. D., Swanson, D. A. and Waitt, Jr., R. B. (1987). Columbia and Snake River Plains. In Geomorphic Systems of North America, ed. Graf, W. L.. Boulder, CO:Geological Society of America, Centennial Special Volume 2, pp. 403–468.Google Scholar
Baker, V. R. and Nummedal, D. (1978). The Channeled Scabland. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Google Scholar
Barber, D. C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C.et al. (1999). Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature, 400, 344–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, P. J. (2004). Surficial Geology Mapping and Lake Nipigon Region Geoscience Initiative Lineament Study. Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6145.053, 450–451.Google Scholar
Braun, D. D. (1994). Late Wisconsinan to Pre-Illinoinan glacial events in eastern Pennsylvania. In Late Wisconsinan to Pre-Illinoinan Glacial and Periglacial Events in Eastern Pennsylvania, ed. Braun, D. D.. 57th Friends of the Pleistocene field conference guidebook, U.S.Geologic Survey Open File Report 94–434.Google Scholar
Braun, D. D., Pazzaglia, F. J. and Potter Jr., N. (2003). Margin of the Laurentide ice to the Atlantic Coastal Plain: Miocene-Pleistocene landscape evolution in the Central Appalachians. In Quaternary Geology of the United States, ed. Easterbrook, D. J.. INQUA Field Guide, pp. 219–244.Google Scholar
Bretz, J H. (1951). The stages of Lake Chicago: their causes and correlations. American Journal of Science, 249, 401–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, J H. (1955). Geology of the Chicago Region: Part II, The Pleistocene. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 65, Part II.Google Scholar
Broecker, W. S., Kennett, J. P., Flower, B. P.et al. (1989). Routing of meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas cold episode. Nature, 341, 318–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burr, D. (2005). Clustered streamlined forms in Athabasca Valles, Mars: evidence for sediment deposition during floodwater ponding. Geomorphology, 69, 242–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capps, D. K., Thompson, T. A. and Booth, R. K. (2007). A Post-Calumet shoreline along southern Lake Michigan. Journal of Paleolimnology, 37, 395–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, E. A. (1979). The Wisconsinan deglaciation of southern Saskatchewan and adjacent areas. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 913–938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chrzastowski, M. J. and Thompson, T. A. (1992). Late Wisconsinan and Holocene coastal evolution of the southern shore of Lake Michigan. In Quaternary Coastal Systems of the United States, eds. Fletcher, C. H. and Wehmiller, J. F.. SEPM Special Publication 48, 397–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chrzastowski, M. J. and Thompson, T. A. (1994). Late Wisconsinan and Holocene geologic history of the Illinois-Indiana coast of Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 20, 9–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J. A., Hendriks, M., Timmermans, T. J., Struck, C. and Hilverda, K. J. (1994). Glacial isostatic deformation of the Great Lakes region. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106, 19–30.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, P. U. (1994). Unstable behavior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet over deforming sediment and its implications for climate change. Quaternary Research, 41, 19–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, P. U., Marshall, S. J., Clarke, G. K. C.et al. (2001). Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation. Science, 293, 283–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, G. K. C., Leverington, D. W., Teller, J. T. and Dyke, A. S. (2004). Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 BP cold event. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 389–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, L. and Moran, S. R. (1982). Chronology of Late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1, 55–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, L., Teller, J. T. and Attig, J. W. (1985). Surging of the southwestern part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Boreas, 14, 235–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colman, S. M., Clark, J. A., Clayton, L., Hansel, A. K. and Larsen, C. E. (1994). Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan Basin. Quaternary Science Reviews, 13, 879–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colman, S. M., King, J. W., Jones, G. A., Reynolds, R. L. and Bothner, M. H. (2000). Holocene and recent sediment accumulation rates in southern Lake Michigan. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1563–1580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connally, G. G. and Sirkin, L. A. (1973). Wisconsinan history of the Hudson-Champlain Lobe. In The Wisconsinan Stage, eds. Black, R. F., Goldthwait, R. P. and Willman, H. B.. Geological Society of America Memoir 136, 47–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connally, G. G. and Cadwell, D. H. (2002). Glacial Lake Albany in the Champlain Valley. In New York State Geological Association/New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference Joint, Annual Meeting Guidebook, pp. B8, 1–26.
DeSimone, D. J. and LaFleur, R. G. (1986). Glaciolacustrine phases in the northern Hudson lowland and correlatives in western Vermont. Northeastern Geology, 9, 218–229.Google Scholar
Dyke, A. S., Andrews, J. T., Clark, P. U.et al. (2002). The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 9–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekblaw, G. E. and Athy, L. F. (1925). Glacial Kankakee torrent in northeastern Illinois. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 36, 417–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, C. R. W., Chapman, M. R. and Hall, I. R. (2006). Surface and deep ocean interactions during the cold climate event 8200 years ago. Science, 312, 1929–1932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eschman, D. F. and Karrow, P. F. (1985). Huron Basin glacial lakes: a review. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, eds. Karrow, P. F. and Calkin, P. E.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, 79–94.Google Scholar
Evans, D. J. A. (2000). Quaternary geology and geomorphology of the Dinosaur Provincial Park area and surrounding plains, Alberta, Canada: the identification of former glacial lobes, drainage diversions and meltwater flood tracks. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 931–958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairchild, H. L. (1909). Glacial Waters in Central New York. New YorkState Museum Bulletin127.Google Scholar
Farrand, W. R. and Drexler, C. W. (1985). Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Lake Superior basin. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, eds. Karrow, P. F. and Calkin, P. E.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, pp. 17–32.Google Scholar
Fisher, T. G. (1993). Glacial Lake Agassiz: The N.W. Outlet and Paleoflood Spillway, N.W. Saskatchewan and N.E. Alberta. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Calgary, Canada.
Fisher, T. G. (2003). Chronology of glacial Lake Agassiz meltwater routed to the Gulf of Mexico. Quaternary Research, 59, 271–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T. G. (2004). River Warren boulders: paleoflow indicators in the southern spillway of glacial Lake Agassiz. Boreas, 33, 349–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T. G. (2005). Strandline analysis in the southern basin of glacial Lake Agassiz, Minnesota and North and South Dakota, USA. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117, 1481–1496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T. G. and Lowell, T. V. (2006). Questioning the age of the Moorhead phase in the glacial Lake Agassiz basin. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 2688–2691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T. G. and Smith, D. G. (1993). Exploration for Pleistocene aggregate resources using process-depositional models in the Fort McMurray region, NE Alberta, Canada. Quaternary International, 20, 71–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T. G. and Smith, D. G. (1994). Glacial Lake Agassiz: its northwest maximum extent and outlet in Saskatchewan (Emerson phase). Quaternary Science Reviews, 13, 845–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T. G., Smith, D. G. and Andrews, J. T. (2002). Preboreal oscillation caused by a glacial Lake Agassiz flood. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 873–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, T. G., Lowell, T. V. and Loope, H. M. (2006). Comment on “Alternative routing of Lake Agassiz overflow during the Younger Dryas: new dates, paleotopography, and a re-evaluation” by Teller et al. (2005). Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 1137–1141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzi, D. A., Rayburn, J. A., Yansa, C. H. and Knuepfer, P. L. K. (2002). Late glacial water bodies in the Champlain and Hudson lowlands, New York. In New York Geological Association/New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference Joint Annual Meeting Guidebook, pp. A5,1–23.
Fraser, G. S. and Bleuer, N. K. (1988). Sedimentological consequences of two floods of extreme magnitude in the late Wisconsin Wabash Valley. In Sedimentologic Consequences of Convulsive Geologic Events, ed. Clifton, H. E.. Geological Society of America Special Paper 229, pp. 111–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, T. W., Sasowsky, I. D. and Schmidt, V. A. (1994). Reversed polarity glacial sediments and revised glacial chronology, West Branch Susquehanna River, central Pennsylvania. Quaternary Research, 42, 131–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajic, E. R. (1990). Late Pleistocene and Holocene landscape evolution, depositional subsystems, stratigraphy in the Lower Illinois River Valley and adjacent Central Mississippi River Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Hand, B. M. and Muller, E. H. (1972). Syracuse channels: evidence of a catastrophic flood. In New York state Geological Association Guidebook, 44th Annual Meeting, ed. J. McLelland, pp. 1–12.
Hansel, A. K. and Mickelsen, D. M. (1988). A reevaluation of the timing and causes of high lake phases in the Lake Michigan Basin. Quaternary Research, 29, 113–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansel, A. K., Mickelsen, D. M., Schneider, A. F. and Larsen, C. E. (1985). Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Lake Michigan Basin. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, eds. Karrow, P. F. and Calkin, P. E.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, pp. 79–94.Google Scholar
Herget, J. (2005). Reconstruction of Pleistocene Ice-Dammed Lake Outburst Floods in the Altai Mountains, Siberia. Geological Society of America Special Paper 386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. D. (2000). Pleistocene Geology of Polk County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 92.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. D., Davis, D. M. and Pederson, J. L. (1998). Terraces of the Minnesota River valley and the character of River Warren downcutting. In Contributions to Quaternary Studies in Minnesota, eds. Patterson, C. J. and Wright, H. E.Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 49, pp. 121–130.Google Scholar
Jol, H. M., Young, R., Fisher, T. G., Smith, D. G. and Meyers, R. A. (1996). Ground penetrating radar of eskers, kame terraces, and moraines: Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. 6th International Conference of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR'96), Sendai, Japan, pp. 439–443.Google Scholar
Kehew, A. E. (1982). Catastrophic flood hypothesis for the origin of the Souris Spillway, Saskatchewan and North Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 93, 1051−1058.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehew, A. E. (1993). Glacial-lake outburst erosion of the Grand Valley, Michigan and impacts on glacial lakes in the Lake Michigan basin. Quaternary Research, 239, 36–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehew, A. E. and Boettger, W. M. (1986). Depositional environments of buried-valley aquifers in North Dakota. Ground Water, 24, 728–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehew, A. E. and Clayton, L. (1983). Late Wisconsinan floods and development of the Souris–Pembina spillway system. In Glacial Lake Agassiz, eds. Teller, J. T. and Clayton, L.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 26, pp. 187–210.Google Scholar
Kehew, A. E. and Lord, M. L. (1986). Origin and large-scale erosional features of glacial-lake spillways in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 162–177.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehew, A. E. and Lord, M. L. (1987). Glacial-lake outbursts along the mid-continent margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In Catastrophic Flooding, eds. Mayer, L. and Nash, D.. Boston: Allen & Unwin, pp. 95–120.Google Scholar
Kehew, A. E. and Teller, J. T. (1994a). History of late glacial runoff along the southwestern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews, 13, 859–877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehew, A. E. and Teller, J. T. (1994b). Glacial-lake spillway incision and deposition of a coarse-grained fan near Watrous, Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 31, 544–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehew, A. E., Beukema, S. P., Bird, B. C. and Kozlowski, A. L. (2005). Fast flow of the Lake Michigan Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: evidence from sediment-landform assemblages in southwestern Michigan, USA, Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 2335–2353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochel, C. R. and Parris, A. (2000). Macroturbulent erosional and depositional evidence for large-scale Pleistocene paleofloods in the lower Susquehanna bedrock gorge near Holtwood, Pennsylvania. Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America Annual Meeting 32, p. 28.
Komar, P. D. (1983). Shapes of streamlined islands on Earth and Mars: Experiments and analysis of the minimum drag form. Geology, 11, 651–654.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozlowski, A. L., Kehew, A. E. and Bird, B. C. (2005). Outburst flood origin of the Central Kalamazoo River Valley, Michigan, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 2354–2374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, C. E. (1987). Geologic History of Glacial Lake Algonquin and the Upper Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin1801.Google Scholar
Larson, G. J. and Schaetzl, R. J. (2001). Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 27, 518–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepper, K., Fisher, T. G., Hajdas, I. and Lowell, T. V. (2007). Ages for the Big Stone moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: implications for deglaciation chronology. Geology, 35, 667–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, C. F. M., Moore Jr., T. C., Rea, D. K.et al. (1994). Lakes of the Huron Basin: their record of runoff from the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In Late Glacial History of Large Proglacial Lakes and Meltwater Runoff Along the Laurentide Ice Sheet, eds. Teller, J. T. and Kehew, A. E.. Quaternary Science Reviews 13, pp. 859–877.Google Scholar
Licciardi, J. M., Clark, P. U., Jenson, J. W. and MacAyeal, D. R. (1998). Deglaciation of a soft-bed Laurentide Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews, 17, 427–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, M. L. (1991). Depositional record of a glacial-lake outburst: Glacial Lake Souris, North Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 663–673.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, M. L. and Kehew, A. E. (1987). Sedimentology and paleohydrology of glacial-lake outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatchewan and northwestern North Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 663–673.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, M. L. and Schwartz, R. K. (2003). An array of large scale erosional bedforms: a detailed record of a glacial lake outburst flow architecture and spillway evolution. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 35 (6), 334.Google Scholar
Lowell, T. V., Fisher, T. G., Comer, G. C.et al. (2005). Testing the Lake Agassiz meltwater trigger for the Younger Dryas. Eos Transactions, 86, 365–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacClintock, P. and Terasame, J. (1960). Glacial history of Covey Hill. Journal of Geology, 68, 232–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maizels, J. (1997). Jökulhlaup deposits in proglacial areas. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 793–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, S. J., Clarke, G. K. C., Dyke, A. S. and Fisher, D. A. (1996). Geologic and topographic controls on fast flow in the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101 (B8), 17827–17839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsch, C. L. and WrightJr., H. E. (1966). The southern outlet of Lake Agassiz. In Life, Land and Water, ed. Mayer-Oakes, W. J.. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, pp. 121–140.Google Scholar
Mooers, H. D. and Wiele, S. (1989). Glacial Lake Agassiz: glacial surges and large outflow events. Geological Society of America Abstracts With Programs, Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO, A54.Google Scholar
Muller, E. H. (1964). Surficial geology of the Syracuse field area. New York State Geological Association Guidebook, 36th annual meeting, pp. 25–35.Google Scholar
Muller, E. H. and Calkin, P. E. (1993). Timing of Pleistocene glacial events in New York State. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 1829–1845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, E. H. and Prest, V. K. (1985). Glacial Lakes in the Ontario Basin. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, eds. Karrow, P. F. and Calkin, P. E.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, pp. 213–229.Google Scholar
O'Connor, J. E. and Baker, V. R. (1992). Magnitudes and implications of peak discharges from Glacial Lake Missoula. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 267–279.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter Jr., N. (Ed.) (2001). The Geomorphic Evolution of the Great Valley Near Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Southeast Friends of the Pleistocene, Annual Meeting.
Ramage, J. M., Gardner, T. W. and Sasowsky, I. D. (1998). Early Pleistocene glacial Lake Lesley, west branch Susquehanna River Valley, central Pennsylvania. Geomorphology, 22, 19–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayburn, J. A. (2004). Deglaciation of the Champlain Valley New York and Vermont and its possible effects on North Atlantic climate change. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York.Google Scholar
Rayburn, J. A., Knuepfer, P. E. L. and Franzi, D. A. (2005). A series of large late Wisconsinan meltwater floods through the Champlain and Hudson Valleys, New York State, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 2410–2419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, A. F. and Need, E. A. (1985). Lake Milwaukee: an “early” proglacial lake in the Lake Michigan Basin. In Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes, eds. Karrow, P. F. and Calkin, P. E.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, pp. 56–62.Google Scholar
Scott, J. S. (1971). Surficial Geology of Rosetown Map-area, Saskatchewan. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharpe, D. R. and Cowan, W. R. (1990). Moraine formation in northwestern Ontario: product of subglacial fluvial and glaciolacustrine sedimentation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 27, 1478–1486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, J. (1989). Drumlins, subglacial meltwater floods, and ocean responses. Geology, 17, 853–856.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoemaker, E. M. (1992). Subglacial floods and the origin of low-relief ice-sheet lobes. Journal of Glaciology, 38, 105–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, R. G. and Schumm, S. A. (1974). Experimental study of river incision. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 257–268.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sissons, J. B. (1960). Subglacial, marginal, and other glacial drainage in the Syracuse-Oneida area, New York. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 71, 1575–1588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. G. and Fisher, T. G. (1993). Glacial Lake Agassiz: the northwestern outlet and paleoflood. Geology, 21, 9–12.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. G. (1994). Glacial Lake McConnell: paleogeography, age, duration, and associated river deltas, Mackenzie River Basin, western Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews, 13, 829–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, S. D. and Harper, D. P. (1991). Glacial lakes of the lower Passaic, Hackensack, and lower Hudson valleys, New Jersey and New York. Northeastern Geology, 13, 271–286.Google Scholar
Sun, C. S. and Teller, J. T. (1997). Reconstruction of glacial Lake Hind in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology, 17, 9–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J. T. (1988). Lake Agassiz and its contribution to flow through the Ottawa-St. Lawrence System. In The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin, ed. Gadd, N. R.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 35, pp. 281–289.Google Scholar
Teller, J. T. (2004). Controls, history, outbursts, and impact of large late-Quaternary proglacial lakes in North America. In The Quaternary Period in the United States, eds. Gillespie, A. R., Porter, S. C. and Atwater, B. F.. Developments in Quaternary Science 1, Elsevier, pp. 45–61.Google Scholar
Teller, J. T. and Leverington, D. W. (2004). Glacial Lake Agassiz: a 5000 yr history of change and its relationship to the ∂18O record of Greenland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116, 729–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J. T. and Thorleifson, L. H. (1983). The Lake Agassiz – Lake Superior connection. In Glacial Lake Agassiz, eds. Teller, J. T. and Clayton, L.. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 26, pp. 261–290.Google Scholar
Teller, J. T., Leverington, D. W. and Mann, J. D. (2002). Freshwater outbursts to the oceans from glacial Lake Agassiz and their role in climate change during the last glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 879–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J. T., Boyd, M., Yang, Z., Kor, P. S. G. and Mokhtari Fard, A. (2005). Alternative routing of Lake Agassiz overflow during the Younger Dryas: new dates, paleotopography, and a reevaluation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1890–1905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson Jr., G. H. and Sevon, W. D. (2001). The potholes and deeps in Holtwood gorge: an erosional enigma. In The Geomorphic Evolution of the Great Valley Near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, ed. Potter, N.Southeast Friends of the Pleistocene Field Guide, pp. 41–64.Google Scholar
Thrivikramaji, K. P. (1977). Sedimentology and Paleohydraulics of Pleistocene Syracuse Channels. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.Google Scholar
Tremblay, L. P. (1960). Geology, La Loche, Saskatchewan. Map 10–1961. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Tweed, F. S. and Russell, A. J. (1999). Controls on the formation and sudden drainage of glacier-impounded lakes: implications for jökulhlaup characteristics. Progress in Physical Geography, 23, 79–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uchupi, E., Driscoll, N., Ballard, R. D. and Bolmer, S. T. (2001). Drainage of late Wisconsin glacial lakes and the morphology and late Quaternary stratigraphy of the New Jersey–southern New England continental shelf and slope. Marine Geology, 172, 117–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, J. S. and Hardy, L. (1979). The Evolution of Glacial Lakes Barlow and Ojibway, Quebec and Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wall, G. R. (1995). Post Glacial Drainage in the Mohawk River Valley with Emphasis on Paleodischarge and Paleochannel Development. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.Google Scholar
Wall, G. R. and LaFleur, R. G. (1995). The paleofluvial record of Glacial Lake Iroquois in the Eastern Mohawk valley, New York. In New York State Geological Association Field Trip Guidebook, eds. Garver, J. I. and Smith, J. A.. 67th Annual Meeting, pp. 173–203.Google Scholar
Waterson, N., Lowell, T. V., Fisher, T. G. and Hajdas, I. (2006). The minimum problem in dating deglaciation: a strategy from the Fort McMurray area, Akron, OH, April 20–21. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 38.Google Scholar
Wickham, J. T., Gross, D. L., Lineback, J. A. and Thomas, R. L. (1978). Late Quaternary Sediments of Lake Michigan. Illinois State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes 84, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. P. (1980). Catastrophic discharge of Lake Warren in the Batavia-Genesee region. Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse, New York, Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. P. and Muller, E. H. (1981). Catastrophic drainage of Lake Warren east of Batavia, N.Y. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 13 (7), 582.Google Scholar
Wolfe, B. and Teller, J. T. (1993). Sedimentologic and stratigraphic investigations of a sequence of 106 varves from glacial Lake Assinibone, Saskatchewan. Journal of Paleolimnology, 9, 257–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×