Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T18:47:39.444Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Methods without Meaning

Moving Beyond Body Counts in Research on Behavior and Health

from Part I - The Strange and the Familiar

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2019

Cathy Willermet
Affiliation:
Central Michigan University
Sang-Hee Lee
Affiliation:
University of California, Riverside
Get access

Summary

Biological anthropology is an intentionally integrative discipline incorporating methods from various fields. As such, data collection techniques ranging from morphometric analyses of hominin fossils to assessments of human cardiac output via fitness trackers are being added to the methodological catalog. This reflects a trend toward an increased reliance on quantifiable data. These data enable researchers to identify ever more finite differences in individual physiologies, and to discover the threads that connect this variability to our evolutionary past. Thus, it is attractive in its appeal to seemingly more objective scientific approaches to our most enduring areas of inquiry. However, it also signals movement in the field away from a reliance on and confidence in qualitative and descriptive methods, and our unwillingness to ask experiential questions differently in evolutionary anthropological research than our peers in other biological sciences. Thus, these methodological innovations both enhance our findings and limit the plurality of the data that is valued in the field.

Type
Chapter
Information
Evaluating Evidence in Biological Anthropology
The Strange and the Familiar
, pp. 86 - 100
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen-Arave, W, Gurven, M, and Hill, K (2008) Reciprocal altruism, rather than kin selection, maintains nepotistic food transfers on an Ache Reservation. Evolution and Human Behavior 29(5):305318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, RC and DeVore, I (1989) Research on the Efe and Lese populations of the Ituri Forest, Zaire. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78(4):459471.Google Scholar
Baker, PT (1969) Human adaptation to high altitude. Science 163(3872):11491156.Google Scholar
Baker, PT (1978) The Biology of High-Altitude Peoples. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beall, CM (2000) Tibetan and Andean patterns of adaptation to high altitude hypoxia. Human Biology 72(1): 201228.Google Scholar
Beall, CM (2002) Tibetan and Andean contrasts in adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. In Lahiri, S, Prabhakar, NR, and Forster, RE, editors. Oxygen Sensing: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer. Pp. 6374.Google Scholar
Beall, CM, Baker, PT, Baker, TS, and Haas, JD (1977) The effects of high altitude on adolescent growth in Southern Peruvian Amerindians. Human Biology 49(2):109124.Google Scholar
Bentley, GR (1985) Hunter-gatherer energetics and fertility: a reassessment of the !Kung San. Human Ecology 13(1):79109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billinger, MS (2007) Another look at ethnicity as a biological concept: moving anthropology beyond the race concept. Critique of Anthropology 27(1):535.Google Scholar
Bird-David, N (1996) Hunter-gatherer research and cultural diversity. In Kent, S, editor. Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers: An African Perspective. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 297304.Google Scholar
Blackwell, AD, Pryor, G III, Pozo, J, Tiwia, W, and Sugiyama, LS (2009) Growth and market integration in Amazonia: a comparison of growth indicators between Shuar, Shiwiar, and nonindigenous school children. American Journal of Human Biology 21(2):161171.Google Scholar
Blakey, ML (1987) Intrinsic social and political bias in the history of American physical anthropology: with special reference to the work of Aleš Hrdlička. Critique of Anthropology 7(2):735.Google Scholar
Blurton Jones, N (1986) Bushman birth spacing: a test for optimal interbirth intervals. Ethology and Sociobiology 7(2):91105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blurton Jones, NG, Smith, LC, O’Connell, JF, Hawkes, K, and Kamuzora, CL (1992) Demography of the Hadza, an increasing and high density population of savanna foragers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89(2):159181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boas, F (1940) Changes in bodily form of descendants of immigrants. American Anthropologist 42(2):183189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borofsky, R (2002) The four subfields: anthropologists as mythmakers. American Anthropologist 104(2):463480.Google Scholar
Brace, CL (2005) “Race” Is a Four-Letter Word: The Genesis of the Concept. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brightman, R (1996) The sexual division of foraging labor: biology, taboo, and gender politics. Comparative Studies in Society and History 38(4):687729.Google Scholar
Byron, E (2003) Market Integration and Health: The Impact of Markets and Acculturation on the Self-Perceived Morbidity, Diet, and Nutritional Status of the Tsimane’ Amerindians of Lowland Bolivia (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Florida.Google Scholar
Carsten, J (2000) Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cashdan, EA (1985) Natural fertility, birth spacing, and the “first demographic transition.” American Anthropologist 87(3):650653.Google Scholar
Caspari, R (2003) From types to populations: a century of race, physical anthropology, and the American Anthropological Association. American Anthropologist 105(1):6374.Google Scholar
Caspari, R (2009) 1918: three perspectives on race and human variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(1):515.Google Scholar
Clifford, J, Dombrowski, K, Graburn, N, et al. (2004) Looking several ways: anthropology and native heritage in Alaska [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology 45(1):530.Google Scholar
Crittenden, AN and Marlowe, FW (2008) Allomaternal care among the Hadza of Tanzania. Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective 19(3):249262.Google Scholar
Den Ouden, AE and O’Brien, JM (2013) Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States: A Sourcebook. UNC Press Books.Google Scholar
Dockery, AM (2010) Culture and wellbeing: the case of indigenous Australians. Social Indicators Research 99(2):315332.Google Scholar
Douglass, K, Antonites, AR, Morales, EMQ, et al. (2018) Multi-analytical approach to zooarchaeological assemblages elucidates Late Holocene coastal lifeways in Southwest Madagascar. Quaternary International 471(A):111131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, PT (2018) The evolution of physical anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165(4):615625.Google Scholar
Ember, CR (1978) Myths about hunter-gatherers. Ethnology 17(4):439448.Google Scholar
Fitzhugh, B (2003) The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenk, J, Bobadilla, JL, Stern, C, Frejka, T, and Lozano, R (1991) Elements for a theory of the health transition. Health Transition Review 1(1):2138.Google Scholar
Frisancho, AR (1977) Developmental adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. International Journal of Biometeorology 21(2):135146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frisancho, AR and Baker, PT (1970) Altitude and growth: a study of the patterns of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32(2):279292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuentes, A and Wiessner, P (2016) Reintegrating anthropology: from inside out. An introduction to Supplement 13. Current Anthropology 57(S13):S3S12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, MA and Lawson, DW (2011) “Modernization” increases parental investment and sibling resource competition: evidence from a rural development initiative in Ethiopia. Evolution and Human Behavior 32(2):97105.Google Scholar
Gladwin, T (1971) Modernization and anthropology. Anthropology News 12(8):910.Google Scholar
Godoy, R (2012) Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theoretical, Comparative, and Quantitative Explorations in the Neotropics. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gravlee, CC, Dressler, WW, and Bernard, HR (2005) Skin color, social classification, and blood pressure in southeastern Puerto Rico. American Journal of Public Health 95(12):21912197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gravlee, CC, Non, AL, and Mulligan, CJ (2009) Genetic ancestry, social classification, and racial inequalities in blood pressure in southeastern Puerto Rico. PLoS One 4(9):e6821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanna, JM and Brown, DE (1983) Human heat tolerance: an anthropological perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 12(1):259284.Google Scholar
Hart, TB and Hart, JA (1986) The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: the Mbuti of eastern Zaire. Human Ecology 14(1):2955.Google Scholar
Hastrup, K (1990) The ethnographic present: a reinvention. Cultural Anthropology 5(1):4561.Google Scholar
Hawkes, K, O’Connell, JF, and Blurton Jones, NG (1989) Hardworking Hadza grandmothers. In Standen, V and Foley, RA, editors. Comparative Socioecology: The Behavioral Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals. Blackwell. Pp. 341366.Google Scholar
Hawkes, K, O’Connell, JF, and Blurton Jones, NG (1995) Hadza children’s foraging: juvenile dependency, social arrangements, and mobility among hunter-gatherers. Current Anthropology 36(4):688700.Google Scholar
Hawkes, K, O’Connell, JF, Blurton Jones, N, Alvarez, H, and Charnov, EL (1998) Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95(3):13361339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedges, S, Mulder, MB, James, S, and Lawson, DW (2016) Sending children to school: rural livelihoods and parental investment in education in northern Tanzania. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(2):142151.Google Scholar
Henry, L (1961) Some data on natural fertility. Eugenics Quarterly 8(2):8191.Google Scholar
Hewlett, BS (1987) Intimate fathers: patterns of paternal holding among Aka Pygmies. In Lamb, ME, editor. The Father’s Role: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum. Pp. 295330.Google Scholar
Hewlett, BS and Lamb, ME (2000) Parental investment strategies among Aka foragers, Ngandu farmers, and Euro-American urban industrialists: an anthropological perspective. In Cronk, K, Chagnon, N, and Irons, W, editors. Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. Aldine de Gruyter. Pp. 155178.Google Scholar
Hill, K and Hurtado, AM (1989) Hunter-gatherers of the New World. American Scientist 77(5):437443.Google Scholar
Hill, K and Hurtado, AM (1996) Ache Life History. Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hrdlička, A (1918) Physical anthropology: its scope and aims; its history and present status in America. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1(2):133182.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, M (1981) Ecological and sociological importance of honey to the Mbuti net hunters, eastern Zaire. African Study Monograph 1:5568.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H, Hill, K, Hawkes, K, and Hurtado, A (1984) Food sharing among Ache hunter-gatherers of eastern Paraguay. Current Anthropology 25(1):113115.Google Scholar
Kasten, E (2010) Franz Boas: culture, language, race. Through an anti-racist anthropology. Anthropos 105(2):668670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, RL (2013) The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kent, S (1992) The current forager controversy: real versus ideal views of hunter-gatherers. Man 27(1):4570.Google Scholar
Konner, MJ (1976) Maternal care infant behavior and development among the !Kung. In Lee, RB and Devore, I, editors. Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors. Harvard University Press. Pp. 218–45.Google Scholar
Konner, MJ and Worthman, C (1980) Nursing frequency, gonadal function, and birth spacing among !Kung hunter-gatherers. Science 207(4432):788791.Google Scholar
Lancaster, JB (1991) A feminist and evolutionary biologist looks at women. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34(S13):111.Google Scholar
Lee, RB (1972) Population Growth and the Beginnings of Sedentary Life among the !Kung Bushmen. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lee, RB (1979) Production and reproduction. In Lee, RB, editor. The !Kung San. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 309332.Google Scholar
Lee, RB (1980) Lactation, Ovulation, Infanticide and Women’s Work. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, RB and DeVore, I, editors (1976) Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Leonard, WR (1989) Nutritional determinants of high‐altitude growth in Nuñoa, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80(3):341352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, L (1989) A discipline divided: acceptance of human sociobiological concepts in anthropology. Current Anthropology 30(5):676682.Google Scholar
Marcus, GE, Fischer, MM, and Fischer, M (1999) Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Marlowe, FW (1999) Showoffs or providers? The parenting effort of Hadza men. Evolution and Human Behavior 20(6):391404.Google Scholar
Mattison, SM, Smith, EA, Shenk, MK, and Cochrane, EE (2016) The evolution of inequality. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 25(4):184199.Google Scholar
Mazess, RB and Mather, WE (1974) Bone mineral content of north Alaskan Eskimos. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27(9):916925.Google Scholar
Mazess, RB and Mather, WE (1975) Bone mineral content in Canadian Eskimos. Human Biology 47(1):4563.Google Scholar
McAllister, L, Gurven, M, Kaplan, H, and Stieglitz, J (2012) Why do women have more children than they want? Understanding differences in women’s ideal and actual family size in a natural fertility population. American Journal of Human Biology 24(6):786799.Google Scholar
McBrearty, S and Brooks, AS (2000) The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 39(5):453563.Google Scholar
Meehan, CL (2005) The effects of residential locality on parental and alloparental investment among the Aka foragers of the Central African Republic. Human Nature 16(1):5880.Google Scholar
Miller, EM (2011) Maternal health and knowledge and infant health outcomes in the Ariaal people of northern Kenya. Social Science & Medicine 73(8):12661274.Google Scholar
Milton, K (1985) Ecological foundations for subsistence strategies among the Mbuti Pygmies. Human Ecology 13(1):7178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, LG (1989) Comparative high-altitude adaptation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78(2):178.Google Scholar
Moore, LG (1990) Maternal O2 transport and fetal growth in Colorado, Peru, and Tibet high‐altitude residents. American Journal of Human Biology 2(6):627637.Google Scholar
Moore, LG (2001) Human genetic adaptation to high altitude. High Altitude Medicine and Biology 2(2):3947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, LG, Niermeyer, S, and Zamudio, S (1998) Human adaptation to high altitude: regional and life-cycle perspectives. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41:2564.Google Scholar
Moore, LG, Shriver, M, Bemis, L, et al. (2004) Maternal adaptation to high-altitude pregnancy: an experiment of nature – a review. Placenta 25(S):S60S71.Google Scholar
Mosko, MS (1987) The symbols of “forest”: a structural analysis of Mbuti culture and social organization. American Anthropologist 89(4):896913.Google Scholar
Noss, AJ and Hewlett, BS (2001) The contexts of female hunting in central Africa. American Anthropologist 103(4):10241040.Google Scholar
O’Connell, JF, Hawkes, K, and Blurton Jones, N (1988) Hadza scavenging: implications for Plio/Pleistocene hominid subsistence. Current Anthropology 29(2):356363.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, R (2010) Revisiting Hrdlicka and Boas: asymmetries of race and anti-imperialism in interwar anthropology. American Anthropologist 112(1):92103.Google Scholar
Pawson, IG (1976) Growth and development in high altitude populations: a review of Ethiopian, Peruvian, and Nepalese studies. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 194(1114):8398.Google Scholar
Pennington, R and Harpending, H (1988) Fitness and fertility among Kalahari !Kung. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77(3):303319.Google Scholar
Pike, IL (2004) The biosocial consequences of life on the run: a case study from Turkana District, Kenya. Human Organization 63(2):221235.Google Scholar
Pike, IL (2018) Intersections of insecurity, nurturing, and resilience: a case study of Turkana women of Kenya. American Anthropologist 121(1):126137.Google Scholar
Pike, IL and Straight, BS (2011) Unpacking resilience in extreme circumstances: a mixed-method, longitudinal case study from Turkana pastoralists of northern Kenya. American Journal of Human Biology 23(2):272.Google Scholar
Pike, IL, Straight, B, Oesterle, M, Hilton, C, and Lanyasunya, A (2010) Documenting the health consequences of endemic warfare in three pastoralist communities of northern Kenya: a conceptual framework. Social Science & Medicine 70(1):4552.Google Scholar
Pike, IL, Hilton, C, Österle, M, and Olungah, O (2018) Low-intensity violence and the social determinants of adolescent health among three east African pastoralist communities. Social Science & Medicine 202:117127.Google Scholar
Reyes-García, V, Vadez, V, Byron, E, et al. (2005) Market economy and the loss of folk knowledge of plant uses: estimates from the Tsimane’ of the Bolivian Amazon. Current Anthropology 46(4):651656.Google Scholar
Sanjek, R (1991) The ethnographic present. Man 26(4):609628.Google Scholar
Sheehan, MS (2004) Ethnographic models, archaeological data, and the applicability of modern foraging theory. In Barnard, A, editor. Hunter-Gatherers in History, Archaeology and Anthropology. Berg. Pp. 163173.Google Scholar
Shenk, MK (2004) Embodied capital and heritable wealth in complex cultures: a class-based analysis of parental investment in urban south India. Socioeconomic Aspects of Human Behavioral Ecology. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Pp. 307333.Google Scholar
Shenk, MK (2005) Kin investment in wage-labor economies. Human Nature 16(1):81113.Google Scholar
Shenk, MK (2007) Dowry and public policy in contemporary India. Human Nature 18(3):242263.Google Scholar
Silver, MG (2003) Eugenics and compulsory sterilization laws: providing redress for the victims of a shameful era in United States history. George Washington Law Review 72(4):862891.Google Scholar
Simonelli, J (1987) Defective modernization and health in Mexico. Social Science & Medicine 24(1):2336.Google Scholar
Spielmann, KA (1989) A review: dietary restrictions on hunter-gatherer women and the implications for fertility and infant mortality. Human Ecology 17(3):321345.Google Scholar
Starkweather, KE and Keith, MH (2018) Estimating impacts of the nuclear family and heritability of nutritional outcomes in a boat‐dwelling community. American Journal of Human Biology 30(3):e23105.Google Scholar
Stearns, SC (1989) Trade-offs in life-history evolution. Functional Ecology 3(3):259268.Google Scholar
Stern, AM (2005) Sterilized in the name of public health: race, immigration, and reproductive control in modern California. American Journal of Public Health 95(7):11281138.Google Scholar
Sussman, RW (2014) Physical anthropology in the early twentieth century. In Sussman, RW, editor. The Myth of Race. Harvard University Press. Pp. 165199.Google Scholar
Thompson, D and Gunness‐Hey, M (1981) Bone mineral‐osteon analysis of Yupik‐Inupiaq skeletons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 55(1):17.Google Scholar
Trouillot, M-R (2003) Anthropology and the savage slot: the poetics and politics of otherness. In Global Transformations. Springer. Pp. 728.Google Scholar
Urlacher, SS, Liebert, MA, Snodgrass, J, et al. (2016) Heterogeneous effects of market integration on sub-adult body size and nutritional status among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador. Annals of Human Biology 43(4):316329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veile, A, Martin, M, McAllister, L, and Gurven, M (2014) Modernization is associated with intensive breastfeeding patterns in the Bolivian Amazon. Social Science & Medicine 100:148158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, AR (1870) Researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilisation. Nature 2(44):350.Google Scholar
Washburn, SL, Lancaster, C, Lee, RB, and DeVore, I (1968) Man the Hunter. Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilkie, DS and Curran, B (1991) Why do Mbuti hunters use nets? Ungulate hunting efficiency of archers and net‐hunters in the Ituri Rain Forest. American Anthropologist 93(3):680689.Google Scholar
Willyard, C, Scudellari, M, and Nordling, L (2018) How three research groups are tearing down the Ivory Tower. Nature 562(7725):2428.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, B (1981) Optimal foraging strategies and hunter-gatherer research in anthropology: theory and models. In Winterhalder, B and Smith, EA, editors. Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analyses. University of Chicago Press. Pp. 1335.Google Scholar
Wood, BM and Marlowe, FW (2011) Dynamics of postmarital residence among the Hadza: a kin investment model. Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective 22(1–2):128138.Google Scholar
Yanagisako, SJ and Collier, JF (1987) Toward a unified analysis of gender and kinship. In Collier, JF and Yanagisako, SJ, editors. Gender and Kinship: Essays Toward a Unified Analysis. Stanford University Press. Pp. 1450.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×