Abstract
Nanoparticle production can be done easily, safely and without using any harmful chemicals. Due to the multiple biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles, the current study uses plant extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica (A. hierochuntica) for the environmental friendly production of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were the methods utilized to investigate the formation of the iron oxide nanoparticles. In UV–visible analysis, absorption peaks of plant extracts of A. hierochuntica and biosynthesized IONPs were observed at 310 nm and 390 nm respectively. Functional groups such as alkenes, phosphate, carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups were observed by the FT-IR study. The produced IONPs crystallinity was further confirmed by the XRD examination, and their average size was found to be 52 nm. SEM analysis revealed most of the formed nanoparticles were in spherical shape with 30–70-nm size. The presence of iron, oxygen, carbon and other elements was further confirmed in the EDAX spectrum. Five different bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were tested for the biosynthesized IONP antibacterial efficacy. With an inhibitory zone measuring 28.32 ± 1.5 in diameter, the generated IONPs exhibited considerable antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The percentage antioxidant activity of biosynthesized IONPs rises with an increasing concentration, and the highest activity of 36.79% was observed at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity studies against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 showed that the cell viability of biosynthesized IONPs was hazardous to the MCF-7 cell line, with concentrations ranging between 7.8 and 1000 µg/mL, displaying the strongest and lowest anti-cancer activity, with IC50 value of 52.17%. The haemolytic activity of biosynthesized IONPs demonstrates that the rate of lysis steadily increased with increasing concentrations. At a high concentration of 1000 µg/mL, 24% of lysis and at a lower concentration of 31.25 µg/ mL, 2.2% lysis was observed. The iron oxide nanoparticles produced by this biogenic method will therefore have more varied uses in the biomedical industry with further clinical evaluation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data used to support the finding of this study are included within the manuscript.
References
Dikshit PK, Kumar J, Das AK, Sadhu S, Sharma S, Singh S, Gupta PK, Kim BS (2021) Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: applications and limitations. Catalysts 11(8):902. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11080902
Campos EA, Pinto DV, Oliveira JI, Mattos ED, Dutra RD (2015) J Aerosp Technol Manag 7:267–276. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v7i3.471
Kirdat PN, Dandge PB, Hagwane RM, Nikam AS, Mahadik SP, Jirange ST (2021) Synthesis and characterization of ginger (Z. officinale) extract mediated iron oxide nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity. Mater Today Proc 43:2826–2833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.422
Dusane PR, Gavhane DS, Kolhe PS, Bankar PK, Thombare BR, Lole GS, Kale BB, More MA, Patil SI (2021) Controlled decoration of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles on graphene nanosheets and its superior field emission behavior. Mater Res Bullet 140:111335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111335
Balakarthikeyan R, Santhanam A, Anandhi R, Vinoth S, Al-Baradi AM, Alrowaili ZA, Al-Buriahi MS, Kumar KD (2021) Fabrication of nanostructured NiO and NiO: Cu thin films for high-performance ultraviolet photodetector. Optic Mater 120:111387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111387
Kanase RS, Karade VC, Kollu P, Sahoo SC, Patil PS, Kang SH, Kim JH, Nimbalkar MS, Patil PB (2020) Evolution of structural and magnetic properties in iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Azadirachta indica leaf extract. Nano Express 1(2):020013. https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-959X/aba682
Kumar JA, Prakash P, Krithiga T, Amarnath DJ, Premkumar J, Rajamohan N, Vasseghian Y, Saravanan P, Rajasimman M (2022) Methods of synthesis, characteristics, and environmental applications of MXene: a comprehensive review. Chemosphere 286:131607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131607
Rajagopal A, Rajakannu S (2022) Cassia auriculata and its role in infection/inflammation: a close look on future drug discovery. Chemosphere 287:132345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132345
Ahmad W, Kumar Jaiswal K, Amjad M (2021) Euphorbia herita leaf extract as a reducing agent in a facile green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and antimicrobial activity evaluation. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem 51(9):1147–1154. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2020.1815062
Zin SR, Kassim NM, Alshawsh MA, Hashim NE, Mohamed Z (2017) Biological activities of Anastatica hierochuntica L.: a systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 91:611–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.011
Wei H, Xue Q, Li A, Wan T, Huang Y, Cui D, Pan D, Dong B, Wei R, Naik N, Guo Z (2021) Dendritic core-shell copper-nickel alloy@ metal oxide for efficient non-enzymatic glucose detection. Sensors Actuators B: Chem 337:129687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129687
Biset G, Woday A (2021) Epilepsy treatment outcomes in the referral hospitals of northeast Ethiopia. Epilepsy Res 171:106584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106584
AlGamdi N, Mullen W, Crozier A (2011) Tea prepared from Anastatica hirerochuntica seeds contains a diversity of antioxidant flavonoids, chlorogenic acids and phenolic compounds. Phytochemistry 72(2–3):248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.017
Zin SR, Kassim NM, Mohamed Z, Fateh AH, Alshawsh MA (2019) Potential toxicity effects of Anastatica hierochuntica aqueous extract on prenatal development of Sprague-Dawley rats. J Ethnopharmacol 245:112180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112180
Mohamed AA, Khalil AA, El-Beltagi HE (2010) Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of kaff maryam (Anastatica hierochuntica) and doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica). Grasas Aceites 61(1):67–75. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.064509
El Sayed RA, Hanafy ZE, Abd El Fattah HF, Mohamed AK (2020) Possible antioxidant and anticancer effects of plant extracts from Anastatica hierochuntica, Lepidium sativum and Carica papaya against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol 10(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.7537/marscbj100120.01
Mahmoud TY, Ramadhan RS (2021) Effect of Anastatica hierochuntica on balancing fertility hormones of albino male mice. Ann Rom Soc Cell Biol 12:3892–3902. https://doi.org/10.3390/2Fnu13092973
Mohammd TU, Baker RK, Al-Ameri KA, Abd-Ulrazzaq SS (2015) Cytotoxic effect of aqueous extract of Anastatica hierochuntica L. on AMN-3 cell line in vitro. Grasas Aceites 61:67–75
Aisida SO, Ugwu K, Akpa PA, Nwanya AC, Nwankwo U, Bashir AK, Madiba IG, Ahmed I, Ezema FI (2021) Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles capped with Moringa Oleifera: the mechanisms of formation effects on the optical, structural, magnetic and morphological properties. Mater Today: Proc 36:214–218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-06039-7
Zimmermann DD, Janka O, Buyer C, Niewa R, Schleid T (2021) Nd5OF5Se4 and Sm5OF5Se4: new layered oxide fluoride selenides of the lanthanoids. Solid State Sci 116:106601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2021.106601
Biswas A, Vanlalveni C, Lalfakzuala R, Nath S, Rokhum L (2021) Mikania mikrantha leaf extract mediated biogenic synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: characterization and its antimicrobial activity study. Mater Today: Proc 42:1366–1373. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.13203887.v1
Shanmugapriya J, Reshma CA, Srinidhi V, Harithpriya K, Ramkumar KM, Umpathy D, Gunasekaran K, Subashini R (2022) Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Withania somnifera and its antioxidant and antibacterial activity. J Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7967294
Abdullah JA, Jiménez-Rosado M, Guerrero A, Romero A (2022) Gelatin-based biofilms with FexOy-NPs incorporated for antioxidant and antimicrobial applications. Materials 15(5):1966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100280
Nagajyothi PC, Pandurangan M, Kim DH, Sreekanth TV, Shim J (2017) Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and their catalytic and in vitro anticancer activities. J Cluster Sci 28:245–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-1082-z
Hassan D, Khalil AT, Saleem J, Diallo A, Khamlich S, Shinwari ZK, Maaza M (2018) Biosynthesis of pure hematite phase magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using floral extracts of Callistemon viminalis (bottlebrush): their physical properties and novel biological applications. Artif Cells 46(sup1):693–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1434534
Buarki F, AbuHassan H, Al Hannan F, Henari FZ (2022) Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers and their antibacterial activity. J Nanotechnol 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5474645
Demirezen DA, Yilmaz D, Yılmaz Ş (2018) Green synthesis and characterization of iron nanoparticles using Aesculus hippocastanum seed extract. Int J Adv Sci Eng Technol 6:2321–8991. IJASEAT-IRAJ-DOIONLINE-12665
Ahmmad B, Leonard K, Islam MS, Kurawaki J, Muruganandham M, Ohkubo T, Kuroda Y (2013) Green synthesis of mesoporous hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity. Adv Powder Technol 24(1):160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2012.04.005
Lassoued A, Lassoued MS, Dkhil B, Ammar S, Gadri A (2018) Synthesis, photoluminescence and magnetic properties of iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles through precipitation or hydrothermal methods. Physica E 101:212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2018.04.009
Jagathesan G, Rajiv P (2018) Biosynthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles using Eichhornia crassipes leaf extract and assessing their antibacterial activity. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 13:90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2017.11.014
Velsankar K, Parvathy G, Mohandoss S et al (2022) Celosia argentea leaf extract-mediated green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles for bio-applications. J Nanostruct Chem 12:625–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-021-00434-5
Arokiyaraj S, Saravanan M, Prakash NU, Arasu MV, Vijayakumar B, Vincent S (2013) Enhanced antibacterial activity of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles treated with Argemone mexicana L. leaf extract: an in vitro study. Mater Res Bullet 48(9):3323–3327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.05.059
Ge X, Cao Z, Chu L (2022) The antioxidant effect of the metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles. Antioxidants 11(4):791. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040791
Thukkaram M, Sitaram S, Subbiahdoss G (2014) Antibacterial efficacy of iron-oxide nanoparticles against biofilms on different biomaterial surfaces. Int J Biomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/716080
Priya MR, Subashini R, Kumar PS, Deepadharshini A, Sree MM, Murugan K, Sumathi M (2022) Assessment of in vitro biopotency of bioderived silver nanoparticles from Aegle marmelos (L.) fruit extract. Appl Nanosci 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-022-02619-y
Abou-Elella F, Hanafy EA, Gavamukulya Y (2016) Determination of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as in vitro cytotoxic activities of extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica (Kaff Maryam) against HeLa cell lines. J Med Plants Res 10(7):77–87. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2015.6030
Erdoğan Ö, Paşa S, Demirbolat GM, Çevik Ö (2021) Green biosynthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic effect of magnetic iron nanoparticles using Brassica Oleracea var capitata sub var rubra (red cabbage) aqueous peel extract. Turk J Chem 45(4):1086–1096. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-2102-2
Sharma P, Dhiman S, Kumari S, Rawat P, Srivastava C, Sato H, Akitsu T, Kumar S, Hassan I, Majumder S (2019) Revisiting the physiochemical properties of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticle and exploring its bio-environmental application. Mater Res Exp 6(9):095072. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab30ef
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the management of Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, for providing the necessary infrastructural facilities for the current research work.
Funding
This work was funded by Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mahesh Vahini and Sivakumar Sowmick Rakesh: investigation, conceptualization, methodology, writing original draft. Rajakannu Subashini: conceptualization, data curation, writing original draft. Settu Loganathan and Dhakshinamoorthy Gnana Prakash: formal analysis, data curation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Vahini, M., Rakesh, S.S., Subashini, R. et al. In vitro biological assessment of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles using Anastatica hierochuntica (Rose of Jericho). Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04018-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04018-x