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Reservoir Quality and Controlling Mechanism of the Upper Paleogene Fine-Grained Sandstones in Lacustrine Basin in the Hinterlands of Northern Qaidam Basin, NW China

  • Petroleum Geology
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Abstract

The Upper Paleogene lacustrine fine-grained sandstones in the hinterlands of the northern Qaidam Basin mainly contain two sweet spot intervals. Fracture/fault, microfacies, petrology, pore features, diagenesis, etc., were innovatively combined to confirm the controlling factors on the reservoir quality of shallow delta-lacustrine fine-grained sandstones. The diagenesis of the original lake/surface/meteoric freshwater and acidic fluids related to the faults and unconformity occurred in an open geochemical system. Comprehensive analysis shows that the Upper Paleogene fine-grained sandstones were primarily formed in the early diagenetic B substage to the middle diagenetic A substage. Reservoir quality was controlled by fault systems, microfacies, burial-thermal history, diagenesis, hydrocarbon charging events (HCE), and abnormally high pressure. Shallow and deep double fault systems are the pathways for fluid flow and hydrocarbon migration. Sandstones developed in the high energy settings such as overwater (ODC) and underwater distributary channels (UDC) provide the material foundation for reservoirs. Moderate burial depth (3 000–4 000 m), moderate geothermal field (2.7–3.2 °C/100 m), and late HCE (later than E3) represent the important factors to protect and improve pore volume. Meteoric freshwater with high concentrations of CO2 and organic acids from thermal decarboxylation are the main fluids leading to the dissolution and reformation of feldspar, rock fragments, calcite and anhydrite cements. Abnormally high pressure caused by the undercompaction in a large set of argillaceous rocks is the key to form high-quality reservoirs. Abnormal pressure zones reduced and inhibited the damage of compaction and quartz overgrowth to reservoir pores, allowing them to be better preserved. A reservoir quality evaluation model with bidirectional migration pathways, rich in clay minerals, poor in cements, superimposed dissolution and abnormally high pressure was proposed for the ODC/UDC finegrained sandstones. This model will facilitate the future development of fine-grained sandstone reservoirs both in the Upper Paleogene of the Qaidam Basin and elsewhere.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Exploration & Development Research Institute, Qinghai Oilfield Company for providing all relevant samples, data and permission to publish this information. The study was supported by the National Major Science and Technology Projects of China (No. 2016ZX05033-001-002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41272155) and the China Scholarship Council. Thanks go to Puyu Liu, Qi Wang, Yang Han and Wenwen Wu for their work on the core study, thin-section analysis and seismic data processing. We acknowledge the reviewers for their critical comments and constructive suggestions, which greatly improved the manuscript. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1701-6.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China

    Lei Gong, Xianzhi Gao & Futao Qu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China

    Lei Gong, Xianzhi Gao & Futao Qu

  3. Exploration & Development Research Institute of Qinghai Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Dunhuang, 736202, China

    Yongshu Zhang & Jun Zhu

  4. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083, China

    Guangya Zhang

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  1. Lei Gong
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  2. Xianzhi Gao
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  3. Futao Qu
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Correspondence to Xianzhi Gao.

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Gong, L., Gao, X., Qu, F. et al. Reservoir Quality and Controlling Mechanism of the Upper Paleogene Fine-Grained Sandstones in Lacustrine Basin in the Hinterlands of Northern Qaidam Basin, NW China. J. Earth Sci. 34, 806–823 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1701-6

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