Abstract
Visible-light active La-Fe-SrTiO3 (La0.01Sr0.99Fe0.01Ti0.99O3) photocatalysts were synthesized via a dynamic hydrothermal route under different NaOH concentrations (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 M). The results showed that altering NaOH concentrations changed the physicochemical characteristics of the materials. Namely, the decrease in particle size was observed when the NaOH levels were increased. The specific surface area of the photocatalysts changed with an increased concentration of NaOH, and the maximum value was 17.10 m2/g in 5 M of NaOH. The crystal structure of all prepared samples remained unaffected when altered the NaOH concentration or when incorporated La and Fe in the lattice of SrTiO3. Namely, all samples synthesized under various NaOH concentrations crystallized and maintained in the standard cubic perovskite structure of SrTiO3. The increased NaOH concentration slightly altered the absorption wavelength towards a longer wavelength region. The La atom, replacing some Sr2+ in the structure of modified SrTiO3, was confirmed to be in the La3+ valence state. Simultaneously, Fe atoms demonstrating oxidation states of Fe3+ can also be incorporated into the SrTiO3 network. The photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic revealed that the highest performance was approximately 75% within 9 h over the La0.01Sr0.99Fe0.01Ti0.99O3 sample prepared at 5 M of NaOH via the dynamic hydrothermal process. Meanwhile, this photocatalyst also displayed greater activity than the pristine SrTiO3, the single-doped samples (SrFe0.01Ti0.99O3 and La0.01Sr0.99TiO3), and the La0.01Sr0.99Fe0.01Ti0.99O3 sample prepared through a static hydrothermal technique under the same synthesis condition.
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Acknowledgements
This work has received a scholarship under the Post-Doctoral Training Program from Khon Kaen University, Thailand (Grant No. PD2565-21). Additionally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management (EHSM), Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Furthermore, the authors would also like to express their appreciation to the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Thailand, for beamtime on XAS and XPS measurements as well as the expertise in data analysis of the scientists.
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This work has been funded by the Post-Doctoral Training Program (Grant No. PD2565-21), Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
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Totsaporn Suwannaruang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Visualization, Writing—review & editing, Validation. Acapol Pratyanuwat: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation. Putichot Sinthujariwat: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation. Kitirote Wantala: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Validation. Prae Chirawatkul: Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation. Narong Junlek: Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation. Supinya Nijpanich: Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation. Behzad Shahmoradi: Writing—review & editing, Validation. Harikaranahalli Puttaiah Shivaraju: Writing—review & editing, Validation.
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Suwannaruang, T., Pratyanuwat, A., Sinthujariwat, P. et al. Dynamically driven perovskite La-Fe-modified SrTiO3 nanocubes and their improved photoresponsive activity under visible light: influence of alkaline environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 90298–90317 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23977-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23977-8