Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biodegradable Mulch Films Based on Starch/Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (ε-Caprolactone) Ternary Blends

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Novel formulations based on corn starch (CS), thermoplastic starch (TPS), poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were developed in order to evaluate their performance as agricultural mulch films. Neat PLA and PCL samples, binary and ternary films were prepared using a Brabender type mixer. In order to determine the impact of the PCL on final micro- and macroscopic properties of PLA/CS and PLA/TPS formulations with different PCL contents added. The structural, morphological, thermal, rheological, mechanical properties, biodegradation tests, as well as water interaction properties were studied. The obtained results indicated that the introduction of PCL into the PLA/CS and PLA/TPS binary blends caused slight changes. As promising results, bioassays indicated that the growth of tomato plants was positively affected by using these blends based on PLA/CS and PLA/TPS as biodegradable mulch films (BDMs); even, the results were similar as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) particularly: temperature and water retention tomato and weed fresh weights, and chlorophyll content. LDPE is the most generally used material as agricultural mulch films and the mentioned parameters were superior to uncovered tray as control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Menossi M, Cisneros M, Alvarez VA, Casalongué C (2021) Current and emerging biodegradable mulch films based on polysaccharide bio-composites. A review Agron Sustain Dev 41:53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00685-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kader MA, Senge M, Mojid MA, Ito K (2017) Recent advances in mulching materials and methods for modifying soil environment. Soil Tillage Res 168:155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Merino D, Gutiérrez TJ, Mansilla AY et al (2018) Critical evaluation of starch-based antibacterial nanocomposites as agricultural mulch films: study on their interactions with water and light. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:15662–15672

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kasirajan S, Ngouajio M (2012) Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: A review. Agron Sustain Dev 32:501–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0068-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kapanen A, Schettini E, Vox G, Itavaara M (2008) Performance and environmental impact of biodegradable films in agriculture : a field study on protected cultivation. J Polym Environ 16:109–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-008-0091-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Sica C, Picuno P (2008) The optimisation of the management of agricultural plastic waste in italy using a geographical information system. Acta Hortic 801:219–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bandopadhyay S, Martin-Closas L, Pelacho AM, DeBruyn JM (2018) Biodegradable plastic mulch films : impacts on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions. Front Micrbiol 9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chaudhary AL, Miler M, Torley PJ et al (2008) Amylose content and chemical modification effects on the extrusion of thermoplastic starch from maize. Carbohydr Polym 74:907–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.05.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Merino D, Gutiérrez TJ, Alvarez VA (2019) Potential agricultural mulch films based on native and phosphorylated corn starch with and without surface functionalization with chitosan. J Polym Environ 27:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1325-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Menossi M, Salcedo F, Capiel J et al (2022) Effect of starch initial moisture on thermoplastic starch film properties and its performance as agricultural mulch film. J Polym Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03150-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fourati Y, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Boufi S (2018) PBAT/thermoplastic starch blends: Effect of compatibilizers on the rheological, mechanical and morphological properties. Carbohydr Polym 199:51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Martinez Villadiego K, Arias Tapia MJ, Useche J, Escobar Macías D (2022) Thermoplastic starch (TPS)/polylactic acid (PLA) blending methodologies: a review. J Polym Environ 30:75–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Martin O, Avérous L (2001) Poly(lactic acid): plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems. Polymer (Guildf) 42:6209–6219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00086-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jamshidian M, Tehrany EA, Imran M et al (2010) Poly-Lactic Acid: Production, applications, nanocomposites, and release studies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9:552–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00126.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Li TT, Zhang H, Huang SY et al (2021) Preparation and property evaluations of PCL/PLA composite films. J Polym Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-021-02439-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Su S, Kopitzky R, Tolga S, Kabasci S (2019) Polylactide (PLA) and its blends with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS): A brief review. Polymers (Basel) 11:1193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Al-Itry R, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A (2014) Rheological, morphological, and interfacial properties of compatibilized PLA/PBAT blends. Rheol Acta 53:501–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-014-0774-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Woodruff MA, Hutmacher DW (2010) The return of a forgotten polymer - Polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Progress Polym Sci (Oxford) 35:1217–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Guarás MP, Alvarez VA, Ludueña LN (2015) Processing and characterization of thermoplastic starch/polycaprolactone/compatibilizer ternary blends for packaging applications. J Polym Res 22:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-015-0817-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Liao HT, Wu CS (2009) Preparation and characterization of ternary blends composed of polylactide, poly(ε-caprolactone) and starch. Mater Sci Eng, A 515:207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.03.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Carmona VB, Corrêa AC, Marconcini JM, Mattoso LHC (2015) Properties of a biodegradable ternary blend of thermoplastic starch (TPS), Poly(ε-Caprolactone) (PCL) and Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA). J Polym Environ 23:83–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-014-0666-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mittal V, Akhtar T, Luckachan G, Matsko N (2015) PLA, TPS and PCL binary and ternary blends: structural characterization and time-dependent morphological changes. Colloid Polym Sci 293:573–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-014-3458-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sarazin P, Li G, Orts WJ, Favis BD (2008) Binary and ternary blends of polylactide, polycaprolactone and thermoplastic starch. Polymer (Guildf) 49:599–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mittal V, Akhtar T, Matsko N (2015) Mechanical, thermal, rheological and morphological properties of binary and ternary blends of PLA, TPS and PCL. Macromol Mater Eng 300:423–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201400332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bulatović VO, Mandić V, Kučić Grgić D, Ivančić A (2021) Biodegradable polymer blends based on thermoplastic starch. J Polym Environ 29:492–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01874-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. EN 17033 (2018) Plastics - Biodegradable Mulch Films for Use in Agriculture and Horticulture - requirements and Test Methods. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium

  27. Chen L, Qiu X, Xie Z et al (2006) Poly(l-lactide)/starch blends compatibilized with poly(l-lactide)-g-starch copolymer. Carbohydr Polym 65:75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Crescenzi V, Manzini G, Calzolari G, Borri C (1972) Thermodynamics of fusion of poly-3-propiolactone and poly-e-caprolactone. Comparative analysis of the melting of aliphatic polylactone and polyester chains. Eur Polym J 8:449–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(72)90109-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Merino D, Mansilla AY, Casalongué CA, Alvarez VA (2019) Effect of nanoclay addition on the biodegradability and performance of starch-based nanocomposites as mulch films. J Polym Environ 27:1959–1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01483-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jamnongkan T, Kaewpirom S (2010) Potassium release kinetics and water retention of controlled-release fertilizers based on chitosan hydrogels. J Polym Environ 18:413–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-010-0228-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Prachayawarakorn J, Ruttanabus P, Boonsom P (2011) Effect of cotton fiber contents and lengths on properties of thermoplastic starch composites prepared from rice and waxy rice starches. J Polym Environ 19:274–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-010-0273-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gutiérrez TJ, Toro-Márquez LA, Merino D, Mendieta JR (2019) Hydrogen-bonding interactions and compostability of bionanocomposite films prepared from corn starch and nano-fillers with and without added Jamaica flower extract. Food Hydrocoll 89:283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Shi R, Zhang Z, Liu Q et al (2007) Characterization of citric acid / glycerol co-plasticized thermoplastic starch prepared by melt blending. Carbohydr Polym 69:748–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.02.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Malik N (2022) Thermally exfoliated graphene oxide reinforced polycaprolactone-based bactericidal nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Mater Technol 37:345–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2020.1842150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Davachi SM, Shiroud Heidari B, Hejazi I et al (2017) Interface modified polylactic acid/starch/poly ε-caprolactone antibacterial nanocomposite blends for medical applications. Carbohydr Polym 155:336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kotcharat P, Chuysinuan P, Thanyacharoen T et al (2021) Development of bacterial cellulose and polycaprolactone (PCL) based composite for medical material. Sustain Chem Pharm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2021.100404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ma X, Jiugao Y, Wang N (2006) Compatibility characterization of poly(lactic acid)/ poly(propylene carbonate) blends. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 44:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sevenou O, Hill SE, Farhat IA, Mitchell JR (2002) Organisation of the external region of the starch granule as determined by infrared spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 31:79–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sangeetha VH, Deka H, Varghese TO, Nayak SK (2018) State of the art and future prospectives of poly(lactic acid) based blends and composites. Polym Compos 39:81–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ke T, Sun X (2000) Physical properties of poly(lactic acid) and starch composites with various blending ratios. Cereal Chem 77:761. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.6.761

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zaaba NF, Ismail H (2019) A review on tensile and morphological properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/ thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials 58:1945–1964

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Navarro-Baena I, Sessini V, Dominici F et al (2016) Design of biodegradable blends based on PLA and PCL: From morphological, thermal and mechanical studies to shape memory behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 132:97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gutiérrez TJ, Morales NJ, Pérez E et al (2015) Physico-chemical properties of edible films derived from native and phosphated cush-cush yam and cassava starches. Food Packag Shelf Life 3:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2014.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Jiang W, Qiao X, Sun K (2006) Mechanical and thermal properties of thermoplastic acetylated starch/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) blends. Carbohydr Polym 65:139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.038

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. García NL, Ribba L, Dufresne A et al (2011) Effect of glycerol on the morphology of nanocomposites made from thermoplastic starch and starch nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 84:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ageyeva T, Kovács JG, Tábi T (2022) Comparison of the efficiency of the most effective heterogeneous nucleating agents for Poly(lactic acid). J Therm Anal Calorim 147:8199–8211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-11145-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. García NL, Ribba L, Dufresne A et al (2009) Physico-mechanical properties of biodegradable starch nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 294:169–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200800271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Merino D, Mansilla AY, Gutiérrez TJ et al (2018) Chitosan coated-phosphorylated starch films: Water interaction, transparency and antibacterial properties. React Funct Polym 131:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.08.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Soares FC, Yamashita F, Müller CMO, Pires ATN (2013) Thermoplastic starch/poly(lactic acid) sheets coated with cross-linked chitosan. Polym Test 32:94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.09.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. González-Seligra P, Guz L, Yepes OO et al (2017) Influence of extrusion process conditions on starch film morphology. LWT Food Sci Technol 84:520–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.06.027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yang Y, Li P, Jiao J et al (2020) Renewable sourced biodegradable mulches and their environment impact. Sci Hortic 268:109375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chen Y, Geever LM, Higginbotham CL, Devine DM (2014) Analysis of the mechanical properties of solvent cast blends of PLA/PCL. Appl Mech Mater 679:50–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Avella M, Errico ME, Laurienzo P et al (2000) Preparation and characterisation of compatibilised polycaprolactone/starch composites. Polymer (Guildf) 41:3875–3881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00663-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Akrami M, Ghasemi I, Azizi H et al (2016) A new approach in compatibilization of the poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch (PLA/TPS) blends. Carbohydr Polym 144:254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sanyang ML, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M et al (2015) Effect of plasticizer type and concentration on tensile, thermal and barrier properties of biodegradable films based on sugar palm (arenga pinnata) starch. Polymers (Basel) 7:1106–1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym7061106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. da Róz AL, Carvalho AJF, Gandini A, Curvelo AAS (2006) The effect of plasticizers on thermoplastic starch compositions obtained by melt processing. Carbohydr Polym 63:417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.09.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Shenoy A, v., Saini DR, (1986) Melt flow index: More than just a quality control rheological parameter. Part I Advances in Polymer Technology 6:1–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.1986.060060101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Shenoy A, v, Chattopadhyay S, Nadkarni VM, (1983) From melt flow index to rheogram. Rheologica Acta Rheol Acta 22:90–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Xu Y, You M, Qu J (2009) Melt rheology of poly (lactic acid) plasticized by epoxidized soybean oil. Wuhan Univ J Nat Sci 14:349–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11859-009-0413-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kormin S, Kormin F, Beg MDH (2019) Effect of plasticizer on physical and mechanical properties of ldpe/sago starch blend. J Phys: Conf Ser. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1150/1/012032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Huang H, Chen L, Song G, Tang G (2018) An efficient plasticization method for poly(lactic acid) using combination of liquid-state and solid-state plasticizers. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhang K, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2012) Fully biodegradable and biorenewable ternary blends from polylactide, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(butylene succinate) with balanced properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:3091–3101. https://doi.org/10.1021/am3004522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Vroman I, Tighzert L (2009) Biodegradable polymers. Materials 2:307–344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2020307

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Ning R, Liang J, Sun Z et al (2021) Preparation and characterization of black biodegradable mulch films from multiple biomass materials. Polym Degrad Stab. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Li R, Hou X, Jia Z et al (2013) Effects on soil temperature, moisture, and maize yield of cultivation with ridge and furrow mulching in the rainfed area of the Loess Plateau, China. Agric Water Manag 116:101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Merino D, Salcedo MF, Mansilla AY et al (2021) Development of sprayable sodium alginate-seaweed agricultural mulches with nutritional benefits for substrates and plants. Waste Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01441-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Bender I, Raudseping M, Vabrit S (2008) Effect of organic mulches on the growth of tomato plants and quality of fruits in organic cultivation. Acta Hort. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.779.42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Kumar V, Chandola JC, Prasad S et al (2014) ffect of mulching on weed biomass, root growth, yield and economics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in semi-arid region of Bihar. The Pharma Innovation Journal 9:1989–1991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pavlović D, Nikolić B, Đjurović S et al (2014) Chlorophyll as a measure of plant health: Agroecological aspects. Pestic Phytomed 29:21–34. https://doi.org/10.2298/pif1401021p

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Tisserat B, Stuff A (2011) Stimulation of short-term plant growth by glycerol applied as foliar sprays and drenches under greenhouse conditions. HortScience 46:1650–1654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Leonardo Cano (UNMdP/INTEMA) for helping us in this work.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET) (PIP 0617), Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Agencia I + D + i) (PICT2020-SERIE A-02207, PICT-2017–0603, ANPCyT PICT 2020 – 3137, CONICET PIP 2021–2023, UNMdP 15/G61, UNMdP ING622/21, PICT start-up 008 and PICT 0959) and Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (15/G556 and ING560/19).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Grupo de Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Colón 10850, 7600, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Matías Menossi, Nazarena Rivilli, Andrés Torres Nicolini, Vera A. Alvarez & Leandro N. Ludueña

  2. Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas (IIB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP y CONICET, Deán Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Florencia Salcedo

Authors
  1. Matías Menossi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Florencia Salcedo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nazarena Rivilli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrés Torres Nicolini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Vera A. Alvarez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Leandro N. Ludueña
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: M.M.; Methodology: M.M., N.R., A.T.N., F.S.; Software: M.M.; Data curation: M.M., N.R., A.T.N., F.S.; Writing – original draft presentation: M.M.; Visualization: M.M.; Investigation: M.M., N.R., F.S., A.T.N., V.A.A.; L.N.L.; Supervision: V.A.A., L.N.L.; Validation: M.M.; Writing – Reviewing and Editing: V.A.A, L.N.L.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matías Menossi.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 551 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Menossi, M., Salcedo, F., Rivilli, N. et al. Biodegradable Mulch Films Based on Starch/Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (ε-Caprolactone) Ternary Blends. J Polym Environ 31, 2114–2137 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02721-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02721-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation