Abstract
The occurrence of contaminants in the environment requires very sensitive analytical techniques for their determination. For that, analytical techniques have been recently improved by nanotechnologies. Here, we review nanoflowers, which are nanomaterials with flower-like morphologies, with focus on their synthesis, characterization and analytical applications. Synthesis methods include coprecipitation, sol–gel, solvothermal, hydrothermal, chemical vapor deposition, microwave-assisted, electrochemistry, sonochemistry and biosynthesis. Characterization can be done by microscopy, e.g., scanning electron, transmission electron and atomic force; by spectroscopy, e.g., ultraviolet–visible, Raman, Fourier transform infrared, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering and mass spectrometry; by chromatography, e.g., liquid, hydrodynamic and gel permeation; by X-ray fluorescence, diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy; and by thermal gravimetry, differential centrifugal sedimentation and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Analytical applications include nanoflowers coupled to chromatography or sensors to detect organic and inorganic compounds. Nanoflowers are easy to prepare, and they display high surface area, high efficiency, high stability and cost-effectiveness.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
L-ascorbic acid
- AAS:
-
Atomic absorption spectrometry
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- AFS:
-
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
- ASV:
-
Anodic stripping voltammetry
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- CCD:
-
Charge-coupled device
- DCS:
-
Differential centrifugal sedimentation
- DLLME:
-
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- DPASV:
-
Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry
- DPSV:
-
Differential pulse stripping voltammetry
- DPV:
-
Differential pulse voltammetry
- DSPME:
-
Dispersive solid phase microextraction
- EIS:
-
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- ELP-1:
-
Histidine-containing elastin-like polypeptide
- ELP-2:
-
Histidine-free elastin-like polypeptide
- FAAS:
-
Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
- FESEM:
-
Field emission scanning electron microscopy
- FT-IR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- GPC:
-
Gel permeation chromatography
- HDC:
-
Hydrodynamic chromatography
- HPLC–DAD:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector
- ICP-MS:
-
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy
- ICP-OES:
-
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- MNPs:
-
Magnetic nanoparticles
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- NE-NFOS:
-
Norepinephrine-functionalized nanoflower-like organic silica
- NFs:
-
Nanoflowers
- NTA:
-
Nanoparticle tracking analysis
- PAH:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PAL:
-
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase
- PBS:
-
Phosphate buffer saline
- PDA:
-
Polydopamine
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- SERS:
-
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
- SPE:
-
Solid phase extraction
- SWASV:
-
Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- TGA:
-
Thermal gravimetric analysis
- Tt:
-
Transition temperature
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
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Chormey, D.S., Erarpat, S., Zaman, B.T. et al. Nanoflower synthesis, characterization and analytical applications: a review. Environ Chem Lett 21, 1863–1880 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01572-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01572-8