Abstract
The investigation of the energy evolution of coal under the coupling of the bedding plane and confining pressure is critical to engineering failure analysis. However, there are few anisotropic geo-mechanical studies on coal, especially in terms of the energy evolution anisotropy. To survey the effects of bedding plane and confining pressure on energy evolution, a suit of triaxial compression experiments up to high confining pressure (45 MPa) were conducted on anisotropic coal samples with five different bedding orientations. First, five peak energy parameters were calculated. Then, a function model among peak energy parameters, bedding plane and confining pressure was established. Furthermore, bedding plane and confining pressure effects in energy allocation and energy conversion rate were systematically discussed. Finally, the destructive potential index was established based on the energy conversion rate. The results show that peak energy parameters change as a trigonometric function with increasing bedding orientation. Peak total energy, peak elastic energy and peak dissipated energy grow as a quadratic function with increasing confining pressure. The energy evolution can be divided into three stages: the energy initial stage, energy hardening stage and energy softening stage based on the energy storage coefficient. High confining pressure shortens the energy hardening stage and prolongs the energy softening stage, and this conversion trend is independent of the bedding plane. Maximum energy storage rate changes as a trigonometric function with enhancing bedding orientation. The destructive potential index presents a decreasing trend with enhancing confining pressure, and this trend can be described by the exponential function. Energy storage coefficient and maximum energy storage rate can be used as the failure precursors.
Highlights
-
The influences of bedding plane and confining pressure on energy anisotropy of coal under high confinement are explored.
-
A function model among peak energy parameters, bedding plane and confining pressure is established.
-
The destructive potential index is established based on energy conversion rate.
-
The engineering failure issues associated with deep coalbed methane exploitation are explained from the perspective of energy evolution considering anisotropy.
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Abbreviations
- D :
-
Damage variable
- E :
-
Elastic modulus
- K e :
-
Energy storage rate
- K d :
-
Energy dissipation rate
- K me :
-
Maximum energy storage rate
- K md :
-
Maximum energy dissipation rate
- K cd :
-
Characteristic energy dissipation rate
- K me/K cd :
-
Destruction potential index
- M e :
-
Energy storage coefficient
- M d :
-
Energy dissipation coefficient
- M ea :
-
Energy storage coefficient threshold of entering energy hardening stage
- M eb :
-
Energy storage coefficient threshold of entering energy softening stage
- M db :
-
Energy dissipation coefficient threshold of entering energy softening stage
- T :
-
Temperature
- U P :
-
Peak energy parameter
- U t :
-
Total energy
- U e :
-
Elastic energy
- U d :
-
Dissipated energy
- U v :
-
Dilatational energy
- U s :
-
Distortional energy
- U 0 :
-
Energy accumulated by applying the initial confining pressure
- U t P :
-
Peak total energy
- U e P :
-
Peak elastic energy
- U d P :
-
Peak dissipated energy
- U v P :
-
Peak dilatational energy
- U s P :
-
Peak distortional energy
- σ :
-
Stress
- ρ :
-
Density
- σ d :
-
Deviator stress
- σ c :
-
Confining pressure
- ε 1 :
-
Axial strain
- ε 3 :
-
Radial strain
- μ :
-
Poisson′s ratio
- φ :
-
Unit mass free energy
- ϕ e :
-
Elastic strain energy
- ϕ p :
-
Plastic strain energy
- ε e :
-
Elastic strain
- ε l :
-
Plastic strain
- β :
-
Bedding orientation
- β min :
-
Bedding orientation corresponding to the minimum peak strength
- ε p :
-
Peak strain
- ε eb :
-
Strain of energy storage coefficient threshold of entering energy softening stage
- ε me :
-
Strain of maximum energy storage rate
- EIS :
-
Energy initial stage
- EHS :
-
Energy hardening stage
- ESS :
-
Energy softening stage
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Acknowledgements
The research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U1910206, No. 51874312 and No. 52225402), the Major scientific and technological innovation project of Shandong Province (No. 2019SDZY01 and No. 2019SDZY02) and the Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (No. 2019GG140).
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Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Gao, Y. et al. Energy Evolution of Anthracite Considering Anisotropy Under High Confining Pressure: An Experimental Investigation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 6735–6759 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03398-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03398-w