Abstract
Basaltic fissure eruptions are chiefly characterized by sizable emissions of lava flows and volcanic gases, posing significant hazards. However, such eruptions may be punctuated by explosive episodes, which are comparatively poorly understood but may have important volcanic hazard and environmental implications. The 1730–1736 CE Timanfaya eruption on Lanzarote, Canary Islands, is a large basaltic fissure eruption characterized by a marked temporal–compositional trend from early basanite to late tholeiite lavas, but little is known on its associated pyroclastic deposits and potential environmental repercussions. Here we report field and geochemical data from tephra deposits to reconstruct the temporal evolution of eruptive style and provide constraints on the impact of the Timanfaya eruption. Stratigraphic sections demonstrate the pulsatory nature of explosive activity during the eruption and the wide dispersal of the tephra blanket, for which a minimum bulk volume of ~0.44 km3 is derived. Isopleth data from a basal tephra layer tied to an early, particularly powerful eruption pulse suggest that eruption columns lofted to ≥8 km altitude. We find that nearly all distal tephras are characterized by low SiO2 content and high incompatible trace element concentrations that only match the compositions of tephras sourced from vents active in the eruption’s initial phase. This implies that the most violent explosive activity, responsible for the emplacement of the tephra blanket, was restricted to the first few months of the eruption, after which eruptive style was dominated by lava effusion and mild cone-building Strombolian activity. We argue that explosive activity at Timanfaya was similar to that of the 1783–1784 CE Laki and 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruptions and highlight the explosive potential of mafic volcanism in the Canary Islands. Trace element proxies for volatile elements suggest that early basanitic magmas were particularly rich in CO2, sulfur, and chlorine. We infer that the Timanfaya eruption released 65–388 Tg CO2, 9–23 Tg S, and 2–9 Tg Cl to the atmosphere; however, ice core evidence indicates that little to no sulfur reached Greenland, consistent with tropospheric transport of gas emissions. Some climate proxy records show anomalies that may be related to Timanfaya, but the environmental impact of the eruption beyond Lanzarote remains unclear.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alfano F, Ort MH, Pioli L, Self S, Hanson SL, Roggensack K, Allison CM, Amos R, Clarke AB (2019) Subplinian monogenetic basaltic eruption of Sunset Crater, Arizona, USA. GSA Bull 131(3–4):661–674. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31905.1
Anderson KR, Poland MP (2017) Abundant carbon in the mantle beneath Hawai ‘i. Nat Geosci 10(9):704–708. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3007
Aparicio A, Bustillo MA, Garcia R, Araña V (2006) Metasedimentary xenoliths in the lavas of the Timanfaya eruption (1730–1736, Lanzarote, Canary Islands): metamorphism and contamination processes. Geol Mag 143(2):181–193. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756806001713
Biass S, Bagheri G, Bonadonna C (2015) A Matlab implementation of the Carey and Sparks (1986) model to estimate plume height and wind speed from isopleth maps. University of Geneva, Switzerland, Department of Earth Sciences (https://vhub.org/resources/3922 ). Accessed 1 July 2023
Bonadonna C, Costa A (2012) Estimating the volume of tephra deposits: a new simple strategy. Geology 40(5):415–418. https://doi.org/10.1130/G32769.1
Bonadonna C, Pistolesi M, Biass S, Voloschina M, Romero J, Coppola D, Folch A, D’Auria L, Martin-Lorenzo A, Dominguez L (2022) Physical characterization of long-lasting hybrid eruptions: the 2021 Tajogaite eruption of Cumbre Vieja (La Palma, Canary Islands). J Geophysical Res: Solid Earth 127(11):e2022JB025302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB025302
Briffa KR, Jones PD, Schweingruber FH, Osborn TJ (1998) Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years. Nature 393(6684):450–455. https://doi.org/10.1038/30943
Brown RJ, Blake S, Thordarson T, Self S (2014) Pyroclastic edifices record vigorous lava fountains during the emplacement of a flood basalt flow field, Roza Member, Columbia River Basalt Province, USA. GSA Bull 126(7–8):875–891. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30857.1
Brown RJ, Thordarson T, Self S, Blake S (2015) Disruption of tephra fall deposits caused by lava flows during basaltic eruptions. Bull Volcanol 77:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0974-3
Burton M, Aiuppa A, Allard P, Asensio-Ramos M, Cofrades AP, La Spina A, Nicholson EJ, Zanon V, Barrancos J, Bitetto M (2023) Exceptional eruptive CO2 emissions from intra-plate alkaline magmatism in the Canary volcanic archipelago. Commun Earth Environ 4(1):467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01103-x
Camuffo D, Enzi S (1995) Impact of the clouds of volcanic aerosols in Italy during the last 7 centuries. Nat Hazards 11:135–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00634530
Carey S, Sparks RSJ (1986) Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns. Bull Volcanol 48:109–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046546
Carracedo J (2014) The 1730–1736 Eruption of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. In: Gutiérrez F, Gutiérrez M (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Spain. Springer, Netherlands, pp 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8628-7_23
Carracedo JC, Rodríguez Badiola E (1991) Lanzarote. La erupción volcánica de 1730. Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote, Servicios de Publicaciones
Carracedo JC, Rodríguez Badiola E, Soler V (1990) Aspectos volcanológicos y estructurales, evolución petrológica e implicaciones en riesgo volcánico de la erupción de 1730 en Lanzarote, Islas Canarias. Estud Geol 46(1–2):25–55. https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.90461-2436
Carracedo JC, Rodríguez Badiola E, Soler V (1992) The 1730-1736 eruption of Lanzarote, Canary Islands: a long, high-magnitude basaltic fissure eruption. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 53(1–4):239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90084-Q
Carracedo JC, Singer B, Jicha B, Guillou H, Rodríguez Badiola E, Meco J, Pérez Torrado FJ, Gimeno D, Socorro JS, Láinez A (2003) La erupción y el tubo volcánico del Volcán Corona (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias). Estud Geol 59(5–6):277–302. http://hdl.handle.net/10261/2329
Carracedo JC, Troll VR, Day JM, Geiger H, Aulinas M, Soler V, Deegan FM, Perez-Torrado FJ, Gisbert G, Gazel E (2022) The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands. Geol Today 38(3):94–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12388
Coello J, Cantagrel JM, Hernan F, Fuster JM, Ibarrola E, Ancochea E, Casquet C, Jamond C, Diaz De Teran JR, Cendrero A (1992) Evolution of the eastern volcanic ridge of the Canary Islands based on new K-Ar data. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 53(1–4):251–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(92)90085-R
Coltelli M, Del Carlo P, Vezzoli L (1998) Discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna volcano, Italy. Geology 26(12):1095–1098. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026%3c1095:DOAPBE>2.3.CO;2
Connor LJ, Connor CB (2006) Inversion is the key to dispersion: understanding eruption dynamics by inverting tephra fallout. In: Mader HM, Coles SG, Connor CB, Connor LJ (eds) Statistics in Volcanology (Vol. 1, p. 0). Geological Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1144/IAVCEI001.18
Costantini L, Bonadonna C, Houghton B, Wehrmann H (2009) New physical characterization of the Fontana Lapilli basaltic Plinian eruption, Nicaragua. Bull Volcanol 71(3):337–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-008-0227-9
Criado C, Dorta P, Bethencourt J, Navarro J, Romero C, García C (2013) Evidence of historic infilling of valleys in Lanzarote after the Timanfaya eruption (AD 1730–1736, Canary Islands, Spain). Holocene 23(12):1786–1796. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683613505342
D’Arrigo R, Wilson R, Tudhope A (2009) The impact of volcanic forcing on tropical temperatures during the past four centuries. Nat Geosci 2(1):51–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo393
Daggitt ML, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Page S (2014) AshCalc–a new tool for the comparison of the exponential, power-law and Weibull models of tephra deposition. J Appl Volcanol 3:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-5040-3-7
Devine JD, Gardner JE, Brack HP, Layne GD, Rutherford MJ (1995) Comparison of microanalytical methods for estimating H2O contents of silicic volcanic glasses. Am Mineral 80(3–4):319–328. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1995-3-413
Devine JD, Sigurdsson H, Davis AN, Self S (1984) Estimates of sulfur and chlorine yield to the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential climatic effects. J Geophys Res 89(B7):6309–6325. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06309
DeVitre CL, Gazel E, Ramalho RS, Venugopal S, Steele-MacInnis M, Hua J, Allison CM, Moore LR, Carracedo JC, Monteleone B (2023) Oceanic intraplate explosive eruptions fed directly from the mantle. Proc Natl Acad Sci 120(33):e2302093120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2302093120
Di Roberto A, Bertagnini A, Del Carlo P, Meletlidis S, Pompilio M (2016) The 1909 Chinyero eruption on Tenerife (Canary Islands): insights from historical accounts, and tephrostratigraphic and geochemical data. Bull Volcanol 78(12):88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-016-1083-7
Engwell SL, Aspinall WP, Sparks RSJ (2015) An objective method for the production of isopach maps and implications for the estimation of tephra deposit volumes and their uncertainties. Bull Volcanol 77(61):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0942-y
Forte FML, Schiavi F, Rose-Koga EF, Rotolo SG, Verdier-Paoletti M, Aiuppa A, Zanon V (2024) High CO2 in the mantle source of ocean island basanites. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.01.016
Gao C, Robock A, Ammann C (2008) Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: an improved ice core-based index for climate models. J Geophys Res 113(D23):D23111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010239
Glaze LS, Self S, Schmidt A, Hunter SJ (2017) Assessing eruption column height in ancient flood basalt eruptions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 457:263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.043
Gómez-Ortiz D, Montesinos FG, Martín-Crespo T, Solla M, Arnoso J, Vélez E (2014) Combination of geophysical prospecting techniques into areas of high protection value: identification of shallow volcanic structures. J Appl Geophys 109:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.07.009
Gómez-Ulla A, Sigmarsson O, Gudfinnsson GH (2017) Trace element systematics of olivine from historical eruptions of Lanzarote, Canary Islands: constraints on mantle source and melting mode. Chem Geol 449:99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.021
Gómez-Ulla A, Sigmarsson O, Huertas MJ, Devidal J-L, Ancochea E (2018) The historical basanite-alkali basalt-tholeiite suite at Lanzarote, Canary Islands: carbonated melts of heterogeneous mantle source? Chem Geol 494:56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.07.015
Gudmundsson MT, Jónsdóttir K, Hooper A, Holohan EP, Halldórsson SA, Ófeigsson BG, Cesca S, Vogfjörd KS, Sigmundsson F, Högnadóttir T, Einarsson P, Sigmarsson O, Jarosch AH, Jónasson K, Magnússon E, Hreinsdóttir S, Bagnardi M, Parks MM, Hjörleifsdóttir V et al (2016) Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow. Science 353(6296):262. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8988
Hartley ME, Maclennan J, Edmonds M, Thordarson T (2014) Reconstructing the deep CO2 degassing behaviour of large basaltic fissure eruptions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 393:120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.031
Hauri EH, Maclennan J, McKenzie D, Gronvold K, Oskarsson N, Shimizu N (2018) CO2 content beneath northern Iceland and the variability of mantle carbon. Geology 46(1):55–58. https://doi.org/10.1130/G39413.1
Hevia A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Camarero JJ, Buras A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Galván JD, Gutiérrez E (2018) Towards a better understanding of long-term wood-chemistry variations in old-growth forests: a case study on ancient Pinus uncinata trees from the Pyrenees. Sci Total Environ 625:220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.229
Hill BE, Connor CB, Jarzemba MS, La Femina PC, Navarro M, Strauch W (1998) 1995 eruptions of Cerro Negro Volcano, Nicaragua, and risk assessment for future eruptions. GSA Bull 110(10):1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110%3c1231:EOCNVN>2.3.CO;2
Houghton BF, Wilson CJN (1989) A vesicularity index for pyroclastic deposits. Bull Volcanol 51:451–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01078811
Jahn R, Stahr K (1996) Development of soils and site qualities on basic volcanoclastics with special reference to the semiarid environment of Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain. Rev Mex Cienc Geol 13(1):104–112
Jarosewich E (2002) Smithsonian microbeam standards. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 107(6):681–685. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.107.054
Jochum KP, Nohl U (2008) Reference materials in geochemistry and environmental research and the GeoReM database. Chem Geol 253(1):50–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.04.002
Johnson D, Hooper P, Conrey R (1999) XRF analysis of rocks and minerals for major and trace elements on a single low dilution Li-tetraborate fused bead. Adv X-ray Anal 41:843–867
Kervyn M, Ernst GGJ, Carracedo JC, Jacobs P (2012) Geomorphometric variability of “monogenetic” volcanic cones: evidence from Mauna Kea, Lanzarote and experimental cones. Geomorphology 136(1):59–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.009
Knaack C, Cornelius S, Hooper PR (1994) Trace element analyses of rocks and minerals by ICP-MS. Open File Report. Department of Geology, Washington State University
Koleszar AM, Saal AE, Hauri EH, Nagle AN, Liang Y, Kurz MD (2009) The volatile contents of the Galapagos plume; evidence for H2O and F open system behavior in melt inclusions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 287(3–4):442–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.029
Kueppers U, Scheu B, Spieler O, Dingwell DB (2005) Field-based density measurements as tool to identify preeruption dome structure: set-up and first results from Unzen volcano, Japan. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 141(1–2):65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.09.005
Le Bas MJ, Le Maitre RW, Streckeisen A, Zanettin B (1986) A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. J Petrol 27(3):745–750. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
Le Voyer M, Kelley KA, Cottrell E, Hauri EH (2017) Heterogeneity in mantle carbon content from CO2-undersaturated basalts. Nat Commun 8:14062. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14062
Longpré M-A, Felpeto A (2021) Historical volcanism in the Canary Islands; part 1: a review of precursory and eruptive activity, eruption parameter estimates, and implications for hazard assessment. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 419:107363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107363
Longpré M-A, Stix J, Costa F, Espinoza E, Muñoz A (2014) Magmatic processes and associated timescales leading to the January 1835 eruption of Cosigüina volcano, Nicaragua. J Petrol 55(6):1173–1201. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egu022
Longpré M-A, Stix J, Klügel A, Shimizu N (2017) Mantle to surface degassing of carbon- and sulphur-rich alkaline magma at El Hierro, Canary Islands. Earth Planet Sci Lett 460:268–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.043
Lundstrom CC, Hoernle K, Gill J (2003) U-series disequilibria in volcanic rocks from the Canary Islands: plume versus lithospheric melting. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67(21):4153–4177. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00308-9
Martí J, Planagumà LL, Geyer A, Aguirre-Díaz G, Pedrazzi D, Bolós X (2017) Basaltic ignimbrites in monogenetic volcanism: the example of La Garrotxa volcanic field. Bull Volcanol 79:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-017-1113-0
Mastin LG, Guffanti M, Servranckx R, Webley P, Barsotti S, Dean K et al (2009) A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186(1–2):10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.008
McDonough WF, Sun S-s (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem Geol 120(3–4):223–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
Michael P (1995) Regionally distinctive sources of depleted MORB: evidence from trace elements and H2O. Earth Planet Sci Lett 131(3):301–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00023-6
Michael PJ, Graham DW (2015) The behavior and concentration of CO2 in the suboceanic mantle: inferences from undegassed ocean ridge and ocean island basalts. Lithos 236–237:338–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.08.020
Neal CA, Brantley SR, Antolik L, Babb JL, Burgess M, Calles K, Cappos M, Chang JC, Conway S, Desmither L, Dotray P, Elias T, Fukunaga P, Fuke S, Johanson IA, Kamibayashi K, Kauahikaua J, Lee RL, Pekalib S et al (2019) The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano. Science 363(6425):367–374. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7046
PAGES 2k Consortium (2013) Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nat Geosci 6(5):339–346. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1797
Pallarés Padilla A (2007) Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento de la erupción de Timanfaya (Lanzarote). Académico de Número, Academia de Ciencias e Ingenierías de Lanzarote, p 45
Palme H, O’Neill HSC (2003) Cosmochemical estimates of mantle composition. Treatise Geochem 2:1–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/02177-0
Perez-Torrado FJ, Carracedo JC, Guillou H, Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Fernandez-Turiel JL (2023) Age, duration and spatial distribution of ocean shields and rejuvenated volcanism: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Eastern Canaries. J Geol Soc 180(4):jgs2022–112. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2022-112
Pioli L, Erlund E, Johnson E, Cashman K, Wallace P, Rosi M, Delgado Granados H (2008) Explosive dynamics of violent Strombolian eruptions: the eruption of Parícutin Volcano 1943–1952 (Mexico). Earth Planet Sci Lett 271(1–4):359–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.026
Pyle DM (1989) The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits. Bull Volcanol 51(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01086757
Reiners PW (2002) Temporal-compositional trends in intraplate basalt eruptions: implications for mantle heterogeneity and melting processes. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 3(2):1–30. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000250
Robock A (2000) Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev Geophys 38(2):191–219. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998rg000054
Romero C (2003) El relieve de Lanzarote. Servicio de Publicaciones, Cabildo de Lanzarote
Rosenthal A, Hauri EH, Hirschmann MM (2015) Experimental determination of C, F, and H partitioning between mantle minerals and carbonated basalt, CO2/Ba and CO2/Nb systematics of partial melting, and the CO2 contents of basaltic source regions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 412:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.044
Rowland SK, Jurado-Chichay Z, Ernst G, Walker GPL (2009) Pyroclastic deposits and lava flows from the 1759–1774 eruption of El Jorullo, México: aspects of ‘violent Strombolian’ activity and comparison with Parícutin. In: Thordarson T, Self S, Larsen G, Rowland SK, Höskuldsson Á (eds) Studies in Volcanology: The Legacy of George Walker (Vol. 2, p. 0). Geological Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1144/IAVCEl002.6
Saal AE, Hauri EH, Langmuir CH, Perfit MR (2002) Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth’s upper mantle. Nature 419(6906):451–455. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01073
Salzer MW, Hughes MK (2007) Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr. Quat Res 67(1):57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.004
Schmincke H-U, Klügel A, Hansteen TH, Hoernle K, van den Bogaard P (1998) Samples from the Jurassic ocean crust beneath Gran Canaria, La Palma and Lanzarote (Canary Islands). Earth Planet Sci Lett 163(1–4):343–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00168-X
Self S, Widdowson M, Thordarson T, Jay AE (2006) Volatile fluxes during flood basalt eruptions and potential effects on the global environment: a Deccan perspective. Earth Planet Sci Lett 248(1–2):518–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.041
Sharma K (2005) The eruptions of Öræfajökull 1362 (Iceland) and Lanzarote 1730-36 (Canary Islands): Sulphur emissions and volcanology. PhD Thesis. The Open University, p 293
Sharma K, Blake S, Self S (2024) SO2 emissions from the Timanfaya eruption (1730–36 CE), Lanzarote, Canary Islands. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 445:107984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107984
Sigl M, Winstrup M, McConnell JR, Welten KC, Plunkett G, Ludlow F, Buntgen U, Caffee M, Chellman N, Dahl-Jensen D, Fischer H, Kipfstuhl S, Kostick C, Maselli OJ, Mekhaldi F, Mulvaney R, Muscheler R, Pasteris DR, Pilcher JR et al (2015) Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years. Nature 523(7562):543–549. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565
Sigmarsson O, Carn S, Carracedo JC (1998) Systematics of U-series nuclides in primitive lavas from the 1730–36 eruption on Lanzarote, Canary Islands, and implications for the role of garnet pyroxenites during oceanic basalt formations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 162(1):137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00162-9
Solana MC, Kilburn CRJ, Rodriguez Badiola E, Aparicio A (2004) Fast emplacement of extensive pāhoehoe flow-fields: the case of the 1736 flows from Montaña de las Nueces, Lanzarote. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 132(2–3):189–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00345-7
Soule A, Heffron E, Gee L, Mayer L, Raineault NA, German CR, Lim D, Zoeller MH, Parcheta C (2019) Mapping the lava deltas of the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. Oceanography 32(1):46–47. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.supplement.01. (USGS Publications Warehouse)
Stix J, Gauthier G, Ludden JN (1995) A critical look at quantitative laser-ablation ICP-MS analysis of natural and synthetic glasses. Can Mineral 33(2):435–444
Taddeucci J, Scarlato P, Andronico D, Ricci T, Civico R, Del Bello E et al (2023) The explosive activity of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain). Geochem Geophys Geosyst 24(6):e2023GC010946
Taracsák Z, Hartley ME, Burgess R, Edmonds M, Iddon F, Longpré M-A (2019) High fluxes of deep volatiles from ocean island volcanoes: insights from El Hierro, Canary Islands. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 258:19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.05.020
Thomas LE, Hawkesworth CJ, Van Calsteren P, Turner SP, Rogers NW (1999) Melt generation beneath ocean islands: a U-Th-Ra isotope study from Lanzarote in the Canary Islands. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63(23–24):4081–4099. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00310-5
Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. J Geodyn 43(1):118–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005
Thordarson T, Self S (1993) The Laki (Skaftár Fires) and Grímsvötn eruptions in 1783–1785. Bull Volcanol 55(4):233–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00624353
Thordarson T, Self S (2003) Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: a review and reassessment. J Geophys Res Atmos 108(D1):4011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD002042
Thordarson T, Self S, Óskarsson N, Hulsebosch T (1996) Sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the 1783–1784 AD Laki (Skaftár Fires) eruption in Iceland. Bull Volcanol 58(2):205–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050136
Toohey M, Sigl M (2017) Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE. Earth Syst Sci Data 9(2):809–831. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017
Troll VR, Carracedo JC, Jägerup B, Streng M, Barker AK, Deegan FM, Perez-Torrado F, Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Geiger H (2017) Volcanic particles in agriculture and gardening. Geol Today 33(4):148–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12193
Troll VR, Klügel A, Longpré M-A, Burchardt S, Deegan FM, Carracedo JC, Wiesmaier S, Kueppers U, Dahren B, Blythe LS, Hansteen TH, Freda C, Budd DA, Jolis EM, Jonsson E, Meade FC, Harris C, Berg SE, Mancini L et al (2012) Floating stones off El Hierro, Canary Islands: xenoliths of pre-island sedimentary origin in the early products of the October 2011 eruption. Solid Earth 3(1):97–110. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-97-2012
Valentine GA, Gregg TKP (2008) Continental basaltic volcanoes—processes and problems. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 177(4):857–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.050
van den Bogaard P (2013) The origin of the Canary Island Seamount Province-new ages of old seamounts. Sci Rep 3:2107. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02107
von Suchodoletz H, Fuchs M, Zöller L (2008) Dating Saharan dust deposits on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) by luminescence dating techniques and their implication for palaeoclimate reconstruction of NW Africa. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 9(2):Q02Q07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001658
Walker GPL, Self S, Wilson L (1984) Tarawera 1886, New Zealand—a basaltic plinian fissure eruption. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 21(1–2):61–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90016-7
White JDL, Houghton BF (2006) Primary volcaniclastic rocks. Geology 34(8):677–680. https://doi.org/10.1130/g22346.1
Zaczek K, Troll VR, Cachao M, Ferreira J, Deegan FM, Carracedo JC, Soler V, Meade FC, Burchardt S (2015) Nannofossils in 2011 El Hierro eruptive products reinstate plume model for Canary Islands. Sci Rep 5:7945. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07945
Zielinski GA (1995) Stratospheric loading and optical depth estimates of explosive volcanism over the last 2100 years derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core. J Geophys Res 100(D10):20937–20955. https://doi.org/10.1029/95jd01751
Acknowledgements
This work results from the master’s thesis research of J.K.M. at Queens College, City University of New York. We are grateful to the Cabildo de Lanzarote for providing permits to conduct fieldwork and sampling within the Parque Nacional de Timanfaya and the Parque de los Volcanes. We thank Patrick Beaudry, Elena Mateo, and Ana Garmendia who helped with fieldwork and Alia Lesnek who helped generating the DEM basemap. Lang Shi and Louise Bolge provided invaluable support during EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analysis, respectively. This work benefitted from discussions with Don Swanson, Ray Cas, Gert-Jan Peeters, William Moreland, Tim Clements, Stephen Self, and Stephen Blake. Jeffrey Marsh and Philipp Ruprecht provided useful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. We thank two anonymous reviewers and Editor Hannah Dietterich for constructive comments and efficient handling of our manuscript. This work was supported through a Graduate Student Research Grant #11085-15 from the Geological Society of America to J.K.M. and through National Science Foundation Award # 1944723 and a Queens College Foundation grant, including partial support from the Paula and Jeffrey Gural Endowed Professorship in Geology, to M.-A.L.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: H. Dietterich
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Muller, J.K., Longpré, MA. Tephra dispersal and composition reveal the explosive onset of a large basaltic fissure eruption: Timanfaya, Lanzarote, 1730–1736 CE. Bull Volcanol 86, 38 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01729-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01729-5