Zusammenfassung
Für viele degenerative Netzhauterkrankungen, die progressiv zur Erblindung führen, gibt es bisher keine Therapie. In den letzten Jahren wurden einige innovative Therapien experimentell erforscht, die vielversprechend sind, da diese unabhängig von der genetischen Ursache der degenerativen Erkrankung sind. Hierzu zählt zum einen die Optogenetik, die lichtsensitive Proteine umfasst, die selektiv als Ionenkanal oder Ionenpumpe das Potenzial der behandelten Zelle steuern. Somit können diese Zellen per Licht angeregt oder inhibiert werden, quasi funktional ferngesteuert. Somit werden aus noch vorhandenen Netzhautzellen künstliche Photorezeptoren induziert, was bereits im Tierversuch erfolgreich angewandt wurde. Diese Therapie wird bereits am Patienten erprobt und führt zu einer Sehverbesserung, jedoch liegen bisher nur Daten eines Patienten vor. Optogenetische Therapien benötigen zusätzlich eine spezielle Brille, um die Lichtimpulse in adäquater Stärke und Wellenlänge für die jeweiligen Optogene anzupassen. Ein anderer spannender Ansatz ist die Zellersatztherapie von RPE(retinales Pigmentepithel)- und Photorezeptorzellen, um degeneriertes Zellmaterial auszutauschen. Dieses sieht bei RPE-Zellen in klinischen Studien sehr erfolgreich aus. Die Gewinnung von menschlichen Photorezeptorzellen aus Stammzellen ist technisch möglich, allerdings sehr aufwendig. Die Integration der transplantierten Photorezeptoren in das vorhandene Netzhautgewebe bedarf einer weiteren Optimierung zwecks breiter klinischer Anwendung. Aber beide Ansätze, Zellersatz und Optogenetik, sind vielversprechend, sodass die Translation von der Grundlagenforschung in die klinische Anwendung gelingen wird.
Abstract
For many degenerative retinal diseases that progressively lead to blindness, no treatment options are available so far. In recent years, several innovative therapies have been experimentally explored, which are promising because they are independent of the genetic cause of the degenerative disease. One of these is optogenetics, which involves light-sensitive proteins that selectively act as ion channels or ion pumps to control the potential of the treated cell. Thus, these cells can be stimulated or inhibited by light, quasi functionally remote controlled. In this way artificial photoreceptors are induced from the remaining cells, which has already been successfully employed in animal experiments. This type of treatment is already being tested on patients and leads to an improvement in vision, but so far only data from one patient are available. The use of optogenetics additionally requires special eyeglasses to adapt the light impulses in adequate strength and wavelength for the respective optogenes. Another exciting approach is cell replacement therapy of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells to exchange degenerated cell material. This appears to be very successful for RPE cells in clinical trials. Obtaining human photoreceptors from stem cells is technically possible, but very laborious. The integration of the transplanted photoreceptors into the host retinal tissue also needs further optimization for broader clinical applications; however, both cell replacement and optogenetics approaches are promising, so that the translation from basic research into clinical application will be successful.
Literatur
Algvere PV, Berglin L, Gouras P, Sheng Y (1994) Transplantation of fetal retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration with subfoveal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 232(12):707–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00184273
Baden T, Berens P, Franke K, Román Rosón M, Bethge M, Euler T (2016) The functional diversity of retinal ganglion cells in the mouse. Nature 529(7586):345–350. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16468
Bartsch U, Oriyakhel W, Kenna PF et al (2008) Retinal cells integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into mature photoreceptors after subretinal transplantation into adult mice. Exp Eye Res 86(4):691–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2008.01.018
Bi A, Cui J, Ma Y‑P et al (2006) Ectopic expression of a microbial-type rhodopsin restores visual responses in mice with photoreceptor degeneration. Neuron 50(1):23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.026
Boyden ES, Zhang F, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Deisseroth K (2005) Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nat Neurosci 8(9):1263–1268. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1525
Busskamp V, Duebel J, Balya D et al (2010) Genetic reactivation of cone photoreceptors restores visual responses in retinitis pigmentosa. Science 329(5990):413–417. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190897
Chacko DM, Rogers JA, Turner JE, Ahmad I (2000) Survival and differentiation of cultured retinal progenitors transplanted in the subretinal space of the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 268(3):842–846. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.2153
Cowan CS, Renner M, De Gennaro M et al (2020) Cell types of the human retina and its organoids at single-cell resolution. Cell 182(6):1623–1640.e34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.013
da Cruz L, Fynes K, Georgiadis O et al (2018) Phase 1 clinical study of an embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium patch in age-related macular degeneration. Nat Biotechnol 36(4):328–337. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4114
Eiraku M, Takata N, Ishibashi H et al (2011) Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 472(7341):51–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09941
Falkner-Radler CI et al (2011) Human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation: outcome after autologous RPE-choroid sheet and RPE cell-suspension in a randomised clinical study. Br J Ophthalmol 95(3):370–375. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.176305
Gasparini SJ, Llonch S, Borsch O, Ader M (2019) Transplantation of photoreceptors into the degenerative retina: current state and future perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 69:1–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.001
Gollisch T, Meister M (2010) Eye smarter than scientists believed: neural computations in circuits of the retina. Neuron 65(2):150–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.009
Gouras P, Flood MT, Kjeldbye H (1984) Transplantation of cultured human retinal cells to monkey retina. An Acad Bras Cienc 56(4):431–443
Kalargyrou AA, Basche M, Hare A et al (2021) Nanotube-like processes facilitate material transfer between photoreceptors. EMBO Reports 22(11):e53732. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202153732
Kashani AH et al (2019) Subretinal implantation of a human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium monolayer in a porcine model. Adv Exp Med Biol 1185:569–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_93
Kleinlogel S, Vogl C, Jeschke M, Neef J, Moser T (2020) Emerging approaches for restoration of hearing and vision. Physiol Rev 100(4):1467–1525. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00035.2019
Lagali PS, Balya D, Awatramani GB et al (2008) Light-activated channels targeted to ON bipolar cells restore visual function in retinal degeneration. Nat Neurosci 11(6):667–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2117
Liu Z et al (2021) Surgical transplantation of human RPE stem cell-derived RPE monolayers into non-human primates with immunosuppression. Stem Cell Reports 16(2):237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.007
Mahato B, Kaya KD, Fan Y et al (2020) Pharmacologic fibroblast reprogramming into photoreceptors restores vision. Nature 581(7806):83–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2201-4
Mandai M, Watanabe A, Kurimoto Y et al (2017) Autologous induced stem-cell-derived retinal cells for macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 376(11):1038–1046. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1608368
Mehat MS et al (2018) Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells in macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 125(11):1765–1775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.037
Nagel G, Szellas T, Huhn W et al (2003) Channelrhodopsin‑2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(24):13940–13945. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1936192100
Nakano T, Ando S, Takata N et al (2012) Self-formation of optic cups and storable stratified neural retina from human ESCs. Cell Stem Cell 10(6):771–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.009
Nakatsuji N, Nakajima F, Tokunaga K (2008) HLA-haplotype banking and iPS cells. Nat Biotechnol 26(7):739–740. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0708-739
Pearson RA, Gonzalez-Cordero A, West EL et al (2016) Donor and host photoreceptors engage in material transfer following transplantation of post-mitotic photoreceptor precursors. Nat Commun 7:13029. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13029
Santos-Ferreira T, Llonch S, Borsch O, Postel K, Haas J, Ader M (2016) Retinal transplantation of photoreceptors results in donor-host cytoplasmic exchange. Nat Commun 7:13028. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13028
Schwartz SD, Regillo CD, Lam BL et al (2015) Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt’s macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies. Lancet 385(9967):509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61376-3
Seko Y, Azuma N, Ishii T et al (2014) Derivation of human differential photoreceptor cells from adult human dermal fibroblasts by defined combinations of CRX, RAX, OTX2 and NEUROD. Genes Cells 19(3):198–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/gtc.12127
Strauss O (2005) The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol Rev 85(3):845–881. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00021.2004
Sugita S, Mandai M, Kamao H, Takahashi M (2021) Immunological aspects of RPE cell transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res 84:100950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100950
Sung Y et al (2021) Long-term safety and tolerability of subretinal transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in Asian Stargardt disease patients. Br J Ophthalmol 105(6):829–837. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316225
Takagi S et al (2019) Evaluation of transplanted autologous induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina 3(10):850–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2019.04.021
Thomas BB, Lin B, Martinez-Camarillo JC et al (2021) Co-grafts of human embryonic stem cell derived retina organoids and retinal pigment epithelium for retinal reconstruction in immunodeficient retinal degenerate royal college of surgeons rats. Front Neurosci 15:752958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.752958
Vitillo L, Tovell VE, Coffey P (2020) Treatment of age-related macular degeneration with pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 45(3):361–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2019.1691237
West EL, Pearson RA, Barker SE et al (2010) Long-term survival of photoreceptors transplanted into the adult murine neural retina requires immune modulation. Stem Cells 28(11):1997–2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.520
Zhu J, Reynolds J, Garcia T et al (2018) Generation of transplantable retinal photoreceptors from a current good manufacturing practice-manufactured human induced pluripotent stem cell line. Stem Cells Transl Med 7(2):210–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/sctm.17-0205
Danksagung
Alle Bilder wurden mit BioRender.com erstellt.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
V. Busskamp und S. Kunze geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Dieser Beitrag zitiert Studien an Menschen oder Tieren. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.
Additional information
QR-Code scannen & Beitrag online lesen
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Busskamp, V., Kunze, S. Optogenetik und Zellersatz in der Retinologie. Ophthalmologie 119, 910–918 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-022-01631-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-022-01631-5