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Removal of Fe and Mn from Groundwater

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Industrial Waste Engineering

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 28))

Abstract

The increasing population has resulted in an insufficient supply of drinking water from surface water, and groundwater is an alternative drinking water supply. However, the groundwater may be polluted by various factors such usage of nitrate fertiliser, acid rain, and weathering process. The high concentration of Fe and Mn can be found in the groundwater mainly due to the soil and rock weathering process. The groundwater with a high level of Fe and Mn is not suitable for consumption directly because it may cause serious health risks to humans. Thus, further treatment is required to treat the Fe and Mn in the groundwater. Various researchers have reported various treatment technologies to treat the Fe and Mn in the groundwater. However, not all techniques can remove the Fe and Mn effectively. Among the treatment methods, the adsorption mechanism is the ideal treatment technique to remove the Fe and Mn in the groundwater. The adsorption not only eliminates the Fe and Mn, but it also has low operational costs due to low-cost adsorbents being applied to adsorb the heavy metals in the groundwater. Hybrid treatment is recommended to treat the groundwater because the treatment method can treat the Fe and Mn in the groundwater effectively. The treatment method not only improves the removal efficiency of Fe and Mn, but it also can lower the operational cost and have a longer service life. Therefore, the ideal groundwater treatment method needs to be determined to ensure the heavy metals can be removed effectively and the groundwater that serves humans is safe to consume.

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Change history

  • 05 March 2024

    A correction has been published.

Abbreviations

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

Ca:

Calcium

Cd:

Cadmium

Cl2:

Chlorine

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

E.coli:

Escherichia coli

EC:

Electrocoagulation

Fl:

Fluoride

Fe:

Iron

Fe(II):

Ferrous iron

Fe(III):

Ferric iron

IOB:

Iron-oxidising bacteria

Mg:

Magnesium

Mn:

Manganese

Mn(OH)4:

Manganese (IV) hydroxide

MPN:

Most probable number

NO2:

Nitrite

NO3:

Nitrate

Pb:

Lead

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PO4:

Phosphate

SO4:

Sulphate

USM:

Universiti Sains Malaysia

WHO:

World Health Organization

μg/L:

Microgram per litre

%:

Percent

Cfu:

Colony forming unit

m3/d:

Cubic meter per day

mg/L:

Milligram per litre

mL:

Millilitre

MLD:

Millions of litre per day

oC:

Degree Celsius

oF:

Degree Fahrenheit

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Solid Waste Management Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Wen Si Lee

  2. Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Solid Waste Management Cluster, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Nor Azliza Akbar

  4. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang & Lawrence K. Wang

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Correspondence to Hamidi Abdul Aziz .

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  1. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Strongsville, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary

Biochemical oxygen demand

The amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions at a specified temperature

Chemical oxygen demand

Measures the capacity of water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter in the water

Electrocoagulation

Broad spectrum treatment technology that removes total suspended solids, heavy metals, emulsified oils, bacteria, and other contaminants from water

Iron-oxidising bacteria

Chemotrophic bacteria that derive energy by oxidising dissolved ferrous iron

Membrane filtration

A pressure-driven separation process that employs a membrane for both mechanical and chemical sieving of particles and macromolecules

World Health Organization (WHO)

A specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health

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Lee, W.S., Aziz, H.A., Akbar, N.A., Wang, MH.S., Wang, L.K. (2023). Removal of Fe and Mn from Groundwater. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT. (eds) Industrial Waste Engineering. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46747-9_4

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