Abstract
Biological Diversity, or biodiversity, refers to all living things and the interactions among them, including the diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Agricultural biodiversity or agrobiodiversity is a subset of biodiversity including all crops and livestock and all interacting species of pollinators, symbionts, pests, parasites, predators, and competitors. This remarkable Gift of Nature is being threatened and wantonly destroyed through human activities such as tropical deforestation, leading to disastrous ecological consequences. Agroforestry systems (AFS), which traditionally harbor far more species diversity than conventional agricultural and plantation forest ecosystems, are also experiencing species losses through a process of simplification, e.g., the transformation of shaded coffee and cacao production systems into unshaded crop monocultures with intensive management leading to agro-deforestation. Most tropical AFS, especially the multistrata systems, are outstanding loci for biodiversity conservation and are intrinsically capable of promoting both aboveground and belowground biodiversity. Genetic diversity, another dimension of species diversity, refers to genetic (intra-specific) variations among crop and tree populations; many landraces of crop plants and genetically diverse tree populations occur in AFS. The pathways proposed for conservation of tree diversity in smallholder AFS include in situ (maintenance of tree diversity in the wild forest), ex-situ (preservation of trees in seed banks, seed stands, botanical gardens, and field trials), and circa situm (preservation of planted and/or relic trees in farmland where natural forest containing the same trees existed once) approaches. Agricultural landscapes with substantial agroforestry activities are effective for the conservation of biodiversity in managed ecosystems and play a significant role in conserving and even enhancing biodiversity from farms to the landscape level.
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Nair, P.K.R., Kumar, B.M., Nair, V.D. (2021). Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation. In: An Introduction to Agroforestry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75358-0_21
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