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Living and Non-living Resources in Brazilian Deep Waters

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Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity

Part of the book series: Brazilian Marine Biodiversity ((BMB))

Abstract

In Brazil, deep-sea marine environments extend over 3.5 million km2, covering nearly 80% of Brazil’s Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) in the southern tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Over this area, the exploitation of both living and non-living resources have gradually increased and supported by natural geological resources, scientific knowledge, geopolitics, economic interests, and technological development. Deep-sea fisheries developed between 2000 and 2008 in the slope areas off southeastern and southern Brazil, declining afterwards mostly because fish and shellfish stocks were shown to be little productive and little resilient. In contrast, large deep (200–2000 m) and ultra-deep (> 2000 m) oil and gas reservoirs were discovered off southeastern Brazil (Campos and Santos Basins) and were increasingly exploited by the national industry. In recent years, over 80% of Brazil’s annual oil and gas production is extracted from these reservoirs, particularly from the so-called pre-salt layers. Deep-sea minerals off Brazil have long been mapped but the exploration and exploitation initiatives were incipient and focused on cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust deposits distributed in a large topographic feature known as Rio Grande Rise. Studies of the biotechnological potential of marine bacteria from the deep South Atlantic Ocean have focused mainly on hydrolytic enzymes and bioremediation. Their use in technological products in the next decade, however, still demands considerable technological development. A major concern, common to all deep-sea resources off Brazil, includes the effectiveness of the regulatory and management processes. Deficiencies, particularly regarding governance issues, have greatly hampered deep-sea fishing and may affect other activities as well. International management regimes, as required outside areas of national jurisdiction, are sometimes absent or need improvement to allow for the environmentally sustainable use of living and non-living deep-sea resources.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    These figures are estimates including the areas claimed in 2018 by Brazil to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (e.g., the Rio Grande Rise area).

  2. 2.

    Evaluation of the Mineral Potential of the Brazilian Legal Continental Shelf – REMPLAC.

  3. 3.

    Evaluation of the Sustainable Potential of Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone – REVIZEE.

  4. 4.

    Patterns and Processes of the Ecosystems of the Northern Mid-Atlantic.

  5. 5.

    Continental Margin Ecosystems.

  6. 6.

    Biogeography of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystems Project.

  7. 7.

    Marine ferromanganese deposits: a major resource of E-tech elements.

  8. 8.

    Marine Biotechnology.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM) and the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) for making available information essential for this review. The senior author is supported by CNPq – Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (process 310504/2016-3).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Escola do Mar, Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil

    José Angel A. Perez, José Gustavo Natorf Abreu, Marcus Adonai Castro da Silva & Luis Henrique Polido de Souza

  2. Center of Earth and Sea Technological Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil

    André Oliveira de Souza Lima

  3. Grupo de Ecologia Bêntica, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil

    Angelo Fraga Bernardino

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  1. José Angel A. Perez
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Correspondence to José Angel A. Perez .

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  1. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Paulo Yukio Gomes Sumida

  2. Grupo de Ecologia Bêntica, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil

    Angelo Fraga Bernardino

  3. Ocean Networks Canada and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Fabio Cabrera De Léo

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Perez, J.A.A., Abreu, J.G.N., de Souza Lima, A.O., da Silva, M.A.C., de Souza, L.H.P., Bernardino, A.F. (2020). Living and Non-living Resources in Brazilian Deep Waters. In: Sumida, P.Y.G., Bernardino, A.F., De Léo, F.C. (eds) Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Brazilian Marine Biodiversity . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_8

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