Correction
17 Jan 2018: Li T, Zhao J, Yang J, Ma X, Dai Q, et al. (2018) Correction: A Meta-Analysis of the Association between ESR1 Genetic Variants and the Risk of Breast Cancer. PLOS ONE 13(1): e0191579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191579 View correction
Figures
Abstract
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the estrogen receptor gene (ESR1) play critical roles in breast cancer (BC) susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies have reported that SNPs in ESR1 are associated with BC susceptibility; however, the results of recent studies have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to obtain more accurate and credible results.
Methods
We pooled published literature from PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science and calculated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of associations using fixed effects models and random effects models. Twenty relevant case-control and cohort studies of the 3 related SNPs were identified.
Results
Three SNPs of the ESR1 gene, rs2077647:T>C, rs2228480:G>A and rs3798577:T>C, were not associated with increased BC risk in our overall meta-analysis. Stratified analysis by ethnicity showed that in Caucasians, the rs2228480 AA genotype was associated with a 26% decreased risk of BC compared with the GG genotype (OR = 0.740, 95% CI: 0.555–0.987). The C allele of the rs3798577:T>C variant was associated with decreased BC risk in Asians (OR = 0.828, 95% CI: 0.730–0.939), while Caucasians with this allele were found to experience significantly increased BC risk (OR = 1.551, 95% CI: 1.037–2.321). A non-significant association between rs2077647 and BC risk was identified in all of the evaluated ethnic populations.
Citation: Li T, Zhao J, Yang J, Ma X, Dai Q, Huang H, et al. (2016) A Meta-Analysis of the Association between ESR1 Genetic Variants and the Risk of Breast Cancer. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0153314. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314
Editor: William B. Coleman, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: November 25, 2015; Accepted: March 28, 2016; Published: April 12, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the Program of National Scientific Data Sharing Platform for Population and Health. Xu Ma received the funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and is a major cause of death in women worldwide [1]. Previous evidence has suggested that genetic variants and environmental factors may contribute to the development of BC [2–5]. Additionally, estrogen plays a well-known crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of BC [6]. Estrogen stimulates breast epithelial cell growth, primarily by binding to the estrogen receptor (ER), which increases cancer risk [7]. The ER has two major forms, alpha and beta, both of which can be expressed in normal and neoplastic breast tissue. ER-alpha (ER-α), encoded by the ESR1 gene, is associated with BC risk because it acts as a transcriptional regulator by interacting with estrogen and other coactivator proteins.
The human ESR1 gene is a steroid hormone receptor gene located on chromosome 6 at 6q25.1. It contains eight exons spanning ~295 kb [8]. Many SNPs in ESR1 gene were shown to be associated with BC risk, including rs2234693, rs1801132, rs9340799, rs2077647, rs2228480 and rs3798577, and also, studies have showed that the genetic variants played important roles in the transcription and protein expression[9, 10]. Recently, several Meta-analysis showed that genetic variants at rs2234693, rs1801132 and rs9340799 loci were associated with the increased risk of BC[11–14], while the effects of SNPs in rs2077647, rs2228480 and rs3798577 were also in controversy. Several studies evaluated these three SNPs and their association with BC [15–34]. This review focuses on variants discovered through candidate gene studies and not genome-wide association studies (GWAS). For the three SNPs 20 eligible studies were included in our work, every single SNPs included 11 eligible studies. Two of these studies reported positive effects of rs2228480 on BC risk, while the other studies observed no association between the rs2228480 ESR1 genetic variant and BC risk. One study showed a protective effect of rs2077647 on BC risk, another study reported that ESR1 rs2077647 increased BC risk, and the remaining studies failed to replicate these associations. Three studies showed that the rs3978577 SNP, which is located in the 3’ UTR of ER-α, increased the overall risk of BC, one study provided evidence that it decreased BC risk, and the others also failed to replicate these associations.
Although rs3798577 and rs2228480 were discussed in a meta-analysis in 2010, the analysis included only 4 studies for each SNP [12]. However, the number of studies included in a meta-analysis directly influences the credibility and stability of the findings. The time of analysis is also a key factor for meta-analyses, and several new studies, which could change the results of the meta-analysis, have been conducted in the 5 years since 2010. Therefore, to more accurately assess the relationships between these three ESR1 polymorphisms and the risk of BC, a new meta-analysis that integrated more recent studies with earlier publications was conducted.
Materials and Methods
Publication search
Relevant English papers published before October 1, 2015, were identified through a search of the PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and EMBASE databases using the following terms: (“genetic polymorphism” or “single nucleotide polymorphism” or “SNP” or “gene mutation”) and (“breast cancer” or “breast neoplasm” or “carcinogenesis” or “breast carcinoma” or “breast tumor” or “BC” or “mammary cancer”) and (“ESR1” or “Estrogen receptor α” or “ER alpha” or “Estrogen receptor alpha” or “ERα”). Google Scholar was also used to search for relevant studies. Chinese papers were selected by searching the WanFang Data, Chongqing VIP (CQVIP), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases using the same search terms. The references of eligible articles were also inspected to find other potential studies. Only studies published in English or Chinese were included in this meta-analysis; any disagreement was resolved via discussion between two of the authors (H.H. and J.Z.). E-mail was used to contact study authors to obtain full text articles or missing data. This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement checklist (S1 PRISMA Checklist) and the Meta-analysis of Genetic Association Studies checklist (S2 Checklist). The full details of the database searches used to identify the studies included in this meta-analysis have been provided in the supplementary materials (S1 Text).
Inclusion of relevant studies
The inclusion criteria were the following: (1) case-control or cohort study focused on associations between ESR1 gene polymorphisms and BC susceptibility; (2) availability of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals for polymorphisms and haplotypes or sufficient genotyping data to estimate these parameters; and (3) all diagnoses of BC confirmed by pathological or histological examination. Reviews, simple commentaries, case reports and meta-analyses were excluded. For overlapping studies, only the study with the largest sample was included.
Data extraction and quality assessment
The data from the published studies were extracted independently by two of the authors, and consensus was reached on all of the items. For each study, the following variables were collected: first author’s name or study organization name, year of publication, area, language, ethnicity, study methods, number of cases and controls, sources of cases and controls, allele and genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), OR value, statistical power and minor allele frequency (MAF) in the controls. OR adjustment factors are not listed in our tables because every study used different factors for OR adjustment; therefore, it was difficult to find common factors for our meta-analysis.
The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) (S2 Text) was used independently by two authors (T.S.L. and J.Y.Y.) to evaluate the quality of the included studies (http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp). The NOS contains two different quality assessment scales for case-control studies and cohort studies. The two different forms each consist of three groupings, but the grouping items differ. The NOS identifies “high”-quality choices with a “star”, with a maximum of one “star” for each item within the “Selection” and “Exposure/Outcome” categories, and a maximum of two “stars” for “Comparability”. To obtain objective outcomes, any disagreement was discussed, and another author was consulted.
Statistical analysis
The association of the ESR1 polymorphisms with BC susceptibility was measured by ORs with 95% CIs in four genetic models, including a variant heterozygote versus wild-type homozygote model, a variant homozygote versus wild-type homozygote model, a dominant model, and a recessive model. Between-study heterogeneities were estimated using the χ2-based Q test [35], and the heterogeneity was considered significant at P<0.05. The I2 statistic was then used to quantitatively evaluate heterogeneity (I2<25%, low heterogeneity; 25%≤I2≤75%, moderate heterogeneity; I2>75%, high heterogeneity) [36]. When a significant Q test result (P<0.05) or I2>50% indicated heterogeneity among the studies, a random effects model (DerSimonian Laird method) was used to conduct the meta-analysis; otherwise, a fixed effects model (Mantel-Haenszel method) was used. To explore the sources of cross-study heterogeneity, subgroup analysis by ethnicity was performed. HWE of the genotype frequencies in the control group was assessed by the goodness-of-fit χ2 test. Sensitivity was evaluated by omitting each study one at a time to assess the influence of each study on the overall estimate [37]. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s tests [38, 39]. The fail-safe number (Nfs) was also used to assess the stability of the results through comparison with the number of relevant included studies. All of the P values were two sided, with significance defined at 0.05. All analyses were performed using Review Manager software (version 5.0; Oxford, United Kingdom). The gene data for the heterogeneity analysis were download from the International HapMap Project (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Allele frequencies for the three polymorphisms in different populations were assessed by the goodness-of-fit χ2 test, and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis was performed using Haploview software (version 4.0).
Results
Study selection and characteristics
The initial search of EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science yielded 1184 relevant articles, and an additional 24 records were identified through other sources. Following the deletion of duplicate results obtained from multiple databases, 368 records remained. After the titles and abstracts of the 368 articles were reviewed, 47 full-text articles were finally considered eligible. Ultimately, 20 eligible studies [15–34] were included in our analysis. The excluded full-text articles are listed in the supplementary material (S1 Table). The study selection process is presented in detail in Fig 1.
The characteristics of the 20 eligible studies are presented in Table 1. Only two studies [30, 34] published in Chinese were included in this meta-analysis; some studies [22, 23, 25, 31, 33] did not provide information about genotypes. The factors for OR adjustment were primarily age, family history of BC, and age at first full-term pregnancy. Other basic information, including the first author’s name, year of publishing, study area, ethnicity of the study population, study methods, number of cases and controls, and source of cases and controls, are listed in Table 1. All of the studies indicated that the distribution of genotypes in the controls was consistent with HWE except for two studies of rs2077647 [28, 30]. Only five studies achieved statistical power greater than 80% [16, 17, 24, 29, 33]. The supplementary information includes the results of the NOS-based quality assessment of the 20 studies (S2 Table), a detailed summary of the genotype and allele frequencies (S3 Table), detailed information about the three SNPs in the four different models (S4, S5 and S6 Tables), and some additional characteristics of all of the eligible studies (S7 Table).
Overall meta-analysis and stratified analyses
The evaluation of the associations of these three polymorphisms with BC risk and the stratified analyses by ethnicity are presented in Table 2.
For rs2228480, the eligible studies included 5758 BC patients and 8712 control subjects. The P value for heterogeneity was less than 0.05 in the dominant model and variant heterozygote versus wild-type homozygote model; therefore, the ORs were pooled in a random effects model. No significant association was found between the rs2228480 genetic variant and BC in any of the four models, and no significant effect was found in Asians. However, Caucasians carrying the rs2228480 TT genotype had a 26% decreased risk of BC compared with those with the CC genotype (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55–0.99, P = 0.040, Nfs = 3) (Table 2) (Fig 2).
The values in italics indicate P values less than <0.05, which were considered to be statistically significant. For rs2077647, the eligible studies included 6037 BC patients and 7385 control subjects. In the overall population, the Q test of heterogeneity was significant in the variant homozygote versus wild-type homozygote model, and the analysis was conducted using random effect models. There was no obvious association between the SNP and BC risk in any of the genetic models. The subgroup analysis revealed similar results in the Asian, Caucasian and mixed ethnic groups (Table 2) (Fig 3).
For rs3798577, the eligible studies included 8140 BC patients and 10386 control subjects. In the overall population, there was significant heterogeneity in all of the genetic models, so the analysis was conducted using random effect models. We failed to find a significant main effect on BC risk in any of the test models. In the ethnicity subgroup analysis, we found that among Asians, the variant C allele was associated with a decreased BC risk in all of the genetic models (CT vs. TT: OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73–0.94, P = 0.019, Nfs = 11; CC vs. TT: OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61–0.85, P = 0.000, Nfs = 23; (CT+CC) vs. TT: OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69–0.88, P = 0.000, Nfs = 29; CC vs. (TT+CT): OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70–0.93, P = 0.003, Nfs = 11). In the dominant, recessive and variant homozygote versus wild-type homozygote models, Caucasians carrying the variant C allele were found to experience significantly increased BC risk (CC vs. TT: OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.04–2.32, P = 0.033, Nfs = 26; (CT + CC) vs. TT: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01–1.91, P = 0.041, Nfs = 23; CC vs. (TT+CT): OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00–1.47, P = 0.050, Nfs = 8). However, no significant associations were found in the mixed population. The data are presented in detail in Table 2 and Fig 4.
Publication bias
Funnel plots and Egger’s tests were used to assess the publication bias of the included studies. The funnel plots did not reveal any evidence of obvious asymmetry in the three SNPs in the variant homozygote versus wild-type homozygote model (Fig 5). Egger’s tests (all P values for Egger’s test>0.05) also showed that there was no evidence of publication bias for any of the three polymorphisms (t = -0.89, P = 0.398 for rs2228480; t = -1.40, P = 0.196 for rs2077647; and t = 0.22, P = 0.829 for rs3798577).
a Funnel plot analysis of rs3798577; b Funnel plot analysis of rs2228480; c Funnel plot analysis of rs2077647.
Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of each study on the pooled ORs through sequential removal of individual studies (Fig 6). No individual study significantly altered the pooled ORs for any of the three SNPs in the variant homozygote versus wild-type homozygote model, and similar results were also achieved for the other test models. Therefore, the data in this meta-analysis were relatively stable and credible. The Nfs of the positive result indicated that the results in this meta-analysis were also relatively stable and credible.
a Sensitivity analysis of rs2228480. b Sensitivity analysis of rs3798577. c Sensitivity analysis of rs2077647. The vertical axis indicates the overall OR, and the two vertical axes indicate the 95% CI. Every hollow round indicates the pooled OR when the left study was omitted from the meta-analysis.
Heterogeneity analysis
Heterogeneity analyses were performed to explore the reason for the heterogeneity in the associations found in the Caucasian and Asian populations. Measures of LD and allele frequencies for the three polymorphisms in the different populations comprised the two parts of this analysis.
Allele frequencies for the three polymorphisms in the different populations are listed in Table 3. The results (all P values for χ2 test >0.05) showed that there was no heterogeneity in the allele frequencies for the three polymorphisms in the different populations (χ2 = 6.971, P = 0.073 for rs2077647; χ2 = 0.643, P = 0.887 for rs2228480; and χ2 = 2.296, P = 0.513 for rs3798577).
The LD plots of all SNPs that were previously found to be associated with BC in different populations are presented in Fig 7. The results showed that there was heterogeneity in LD for the three polymorphisms in the different populations. In the Caucasian group, rs2228480 and rs3798577 were found to be in linkage disequilibrium. However, no linkage disequilibrium was found between rs2228480 and rs3798577 in the Asian population. The other SNPs showed the same pattern of linkage disequilibrium between Asian and Caucasian populations. The LD plots for other populations were presented as supporting information (S1 Fig).
a CEU: CEPH (Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe). b CHB+JPT: Han Chinese in Beijing, China and Japanese in Tokyo, Japan.
Discussion
Genetic variants in the ESR1 gene have been shown to alter ER-α expression and to therefore modulate downstream signaling and BC susceptibility [41]. The ESR1 gene plays an important role in the progression of breast carcinogenesis by inducing cell proliferation, programming cell death and accumulating genetic mutations [42]. Many genetic variants in the ESR1 gene that are correlated with susceptibility have been identified.
Our findings showed that the SNPs rs2077647, rs2228480 and rs3798577 were not associated with BC risk in the four test models included in our overall meta-analysis. After the data were stratified by ethnicity, the analysis demonstrated that rs3798577 was associated with an increased risk of BC in Caucasians but had a protective effect in Asians. SNP rs2228480 also had a significant association with BC risk in Caucasians. The strength of the association of rs2228480 and rs3798577 with BC risk varied greatly across ethnic groups. An earlier study [13] indicated that the tremendous differences in genetic backgrounds between ethnicities and the different LD patterns among different ethnic populations might contribute to this phenomenon. Comparison of allele frequencies and LD patterns between the different ethnic populations were made to explore possible reasons for the observed interaction.
Comparison of allele frequencies showed that there were not heterogeneous among the different populations, but the LD plots for the rs3798577 in the different populations showed an opposite result. Hence, two potential reasons for the reversed interaction in rs3798577 between the different ethnic populations can be proposed. First, it may be caused by the differences in the function of genetic variants among different ethnic populations. Second, heterogeneity in LD for the rs3798577 in the different populations is also the possible reason.
GWAS have provided a powerful approach for identifying common disease alleles. Recent GWAS have identified several genetic susceptibility loci for BC, and low-penetrance variants in the ESR1 region associated with BC have been reported [43–46]. For genetic variants in rs2228480 and rs2077647, we did not find the significant association with the increased risk of BC, which was consistent with the findings of GWAS [47–49]. Our meta-analysis found that for rs3798577 the associations were diversity among different ethnic populations, but GWAS studies do not replicated it, the possible reason is that it not meet the standard of a significant result in GWAS studies. So a large population-based study needed be conducted to verify the ethnic diversity on the relationship between the genetic variant of rs3798577and BC risks.
For rs2077647:T>C, on the one hand, some studies [19, 23, 40] have shown that it has a protective effect against susceptibility to BC, but no functional implications of rs2077647 on the abundance of ESR1 mRNA or mRNA expression were detected. Furthermore, another study [40] indicated that rs2077647 did not affect exonic splicing. On the other hand, although ESR1 rs2077647:T>C is a silent coding polymorphism located in exon 1, it is unlikely to alter the protein encoded by ESR1. One research [50] indicated that one possible reasons for inter-population differences in estrogen- mediated diseases is the diversity of allele frequencies for the rs2077647 among the different ethnic populations, and the other possibility is the effects of some changes in the products of the ESR1 gene. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the specific function of this SNP remain unclear.
The rs3798577:T>C polymorphism is located in the 3’ UTR of ESR1. Although the underlying biological mechanism and its functionality are not yet known, one plausible hypothesis is that rs3798577 polymorphisms might be major regulators of ER-α expression and might modify mRNA stability and ESR1 gene expression.
The rs2228480:G>A polymorphism is a silent polymorphism located in exon 8 of ESR1 and a synonymous variant. The functionality of this SNP is not yet known, but it seems to act as a regulator. Exon 8 is involved in the assembly of the C-terminal region of ER-α, which contributes to the regulation of reciprocal action between ER-α and other transcription factors [18]. Although rs2228480 does not alter amino acid sequences [16], rs2228480 has been suggested to modify the structure of mRNA, its splicing stability and the processes involved in its translation.
The present study had several strengths. Most importantly, it was the first meta-analysis conducted to evaluate the association between rs2077647 and BC risk. It was also the biggest and most recent meta-analysis of the association of rs2228480 and rs3798577 with BC risk, and it was more powerful than previous cohort and case-control studies. In addition, a subgroup analysis was conducted and demonstrated that the ESR1 rs3798577:T>C polymorphism was associated with BC risk in a manner that depended on patient ethnicity.
However, some limitations of this meta-analysis must be addressed. First, the sample size was relatively small for stratified analyses and might not have provided sufficient power to estimate the associations. Second, the overall OR was based on individual unadjusted ORs, and some important confounding factors, such as age, sex, menopausal status, and BMI, must be adjusted for. Finally, although the funnel plots and Egger’s tests showed that publication bias did not affect our results, only studies published in English or Chinese were included, which produced selection bias at the start of our study.
In conclusion, our meta-analysis indicated that the ESR1 rs3798577:T>C polymorphism might be a risk factor for BC in Asians and that the ESR1 rs3798577:T>C polymorphism and ESR1 rs2228480:A>G polymorphism had a large protective effect in Caucasians, while the ESR1 rs2077647:T>C polymorphism was not associated with BC risk. However, the functions of these SNP gene variants in the development of BC and the full mechanisms underlying their effects are still unclear. In the future, more comprehensive and well-designed studies should be conducted to re-evaluate the associations of these three SNPs and other ESR1 gene polymorphisms with BC risk.
Supporting Information
S2 Checklist. Meta-analysis of genetic association studies checklist.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s002
(DOCX)
S1 Fig. pdf LD plots for the different populations.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s003
(PDF)
S1 Table. List of excluded full-text articles.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s004
(XLSX)
S2 Table. NOS-based quality assessment of the 20 eligible studies.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s005
(DOCX)
S3 Table. Detailed genotype and allele frequency information.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s006
(XLSX)
S4 Table. Detailed information for SNP rs2077647 in the four different models.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s007
(XLSX)
S5 Table. Detailed information for SNP rs2228480 in the four different models.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s008
(XLSX)
S6 Table. Detailed information for SNP rs3798577 in the four different models.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s009
(XLSX)
S7 Table. Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis of the three SNPs.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s010
(DOCX)
S2 Text. Newcastle—Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153314.s012
(DOCX)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TSL. Performed the experiments: JZ QYD. Analyzed the data: TSL JYY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HH LNW XM. Wrote the paper: TSL PL.
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