Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T03:47:48.326Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Creating Convergence: Debiasing Biased Litigants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Linda Babcock ,
George Loewenstein  and
Samuel Issacharoff
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Previous experimental research has found that self-Serving biases are a major cause of negotiation impasses. In this study we show that a simple intervention can mitigate such biases and promote efficient settlement of disputes.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , Fall 1997 , pp. 913 - 925
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 1997 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, Craig. 1982. Inoculation and Counterexplanation: Debiasing Techniques in the Perseverance of Social Theories. Social Cognition 1, no. 2: 126–39.Google Scholar
Anderson, Craig. 1983. Abstract and Concrete Data in the Perseverance of Social Theories: When Weak Data Lead to Unshakable Beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19: 93–108.Google Scholar
Babcock, Linda, Farber, Henry, Fobian, Cynthia, and Shafir, Eldar. 1993. Forming Beliefs about Adjudicated Outcomes: Perceptions of Risk and Reservation Values. International Review of Law and Economics 15: 289–303.Google Scholar
Babcock, Linda, and Loewenstein, George. 1997. Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases. Journal of Economic Perspectives 11: 109–26.Google Scholar
Babcock, Linda, Loewenstein, George, Issacharoff, Samuel, and Camerer, Colin. 1995. Biased Judgments of Fairness in Bargaining. American Economic Review 85, no. 5: 1337–43.Google Scholar
Babcock, Linda, Wang, Xianghong, and Loewenstein, George. 1996. Choosing the Wrong Pond: Social Comparisons That Reflect a Self-Serving Bias. Quarterly Jour-nal of Economics 111, no. 1: 1–19.Google Scholar
Cooter, Robert, and Rubinfeld, Daniel. 1989. Economic Analysis of Legal Disputes and Their Resolution. Journal of Economic Literature 27: 1067–97.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, Theodore, Goerdt, John, Ostrom, Brian, and Rottman, David. 1995. Litigation Outcome. In State and Federal Court: A Statistical Portrait. Typescript (on file with Linda Babcock, Heinz School, Carnegie Mellon University).Google Scholar
Fischhoff, Baruch. 1975. Hindsight = Foresight: The Effect of Outcome Knowledge on Judgment under Uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1: 288–99.Google Scholar
Fischhoff, Baruch. 1977. Perceived Informativeness of Facts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3: 349–58.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1993. News from Nowhere: The Debased Debate on Civil Justice. Denver University Law Review 71, no. 1: 77–113.Google Scholar
Grossman, Sanford J., and Hart, Oliver D. 1983. An Analysis of the Principal-Agent Problem. Econometrica. 51: 7–45.Google Scholar
Hastorf, Albert, and Cantril, Hadley. 1954. They Saw a Game: A Case Study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49, no. 1: 129–34.Google Scholar
Hensler, Deborah. 1990. Court Ordered Arbitration: An Alternate View. Legal Forum 1990: 399–420.Google Scholar
Hensler, Deborah. 1994. Does ADR Really Save Money? The Jury's Still Out. National Law Journal 16: C2.Google Scholar
Insurance Research Council. 1994. Auto Injuries: Claiming Behavior and Its Impact on Insurance Costs. Oak Brook, Ill.: Insurance Research Council. Typescript (on file with Linda Babcock, Department of Economics, Carnegie Mellon University).Google Scholar
Issacharoff, Samuel, and Loewenstein, George. 1990. Second Thoughts about Summary Judgment. Yale Law Journal 100, no. 1: 73–126.Google Scholar
Issacharoff, Samuel, and Loewenstein, George. 1995. Unintended Consequences of Mandatory Disclosure. Texas Law Review 73, no. 4: 753–86.Google Scholar
Kagel, John, Kim, Chung, and Moser, Donald. 1996. Fairness in Ultimatum Games with Asymmetric Information and Asymmetric Payoffs. Games and Economic Behavior 00: 00–00.Google Scholar
Keilitz, S., Hanson, R., and Daley, H. W. K. 1993. Is Civil Discovery in State Trial Courts Out of Control State Court Journal 17, no. 2: 8–18.Google Scholar
Koriat, Asher, Lichtenstein, Sarah, and Fischhoff, Baruch. 1980. Reasons for Confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6, no. 2: 107–18.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, Sarah, Fischhoff, Baruch, and Phillips, L. D. 1977. Calibration of Probabilities: The State of the Art. In Decision Making and Change in Human Affairs, ed. Jungermann, H. and DeZeeuw, G., 275–324 Amsterdam: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, George, Issacharoff, Samuel, Camerer, Colin, and Babcock, Linda. 1993. Self-Serving Assessments of Fairness and Pretrial Bargaining. Journal of Legal Studies 22, no. 1: 135–59.Google Scholar
Lord, Charles, Lepper, Mark, and Preston, Elizabeth. 1984. Considering the Opposite: A Corrective Strategy for Social Judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47: 1231–43.Google Scholar
MacCoun, R. J. 1992. Unintended Consequences of Court Arbitration: A Cautionary Tale from New Jersey. Justice System Journal 14, no. 2: 229–43.Google Scholar
MacCoun, R. J., Lind, E. A., and Hensler, D. 1988. Alternate Adjudication: An Evaluation of the New Jersey Automobile Arbitration Program. Rand Corporation, Institute for Civil Justice.Google Scholar
McNeil, Barbara J., Pauker, Stephen G., Sox, Harold C., and Tversky, Amos. 1982. On the Elicitation of Preferences for Alternative Therapies. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 1259–62.Google Scholar
Messick, David, and Sentis, Keith. 1979. Fairness and Preference. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 15, no. 4: 418–34.Google Scholar
Miller, Geoffrey. 1987. Some Agency Problems in Settlement. Journal of Legal Studies 16: 189–215.Google Scholar
Mullenix, Linda S. 1994. Discovery in Disarray: The Pervasive Myth of Discovery Abuse and the Consequences for Unfounded Rulemaking. Stanford Law Review 46, no. 6: 1393–1445.Google Scholar
Neale, Margaret, and Northcraft, Gregory. 1986. Experts, Amateurs, and Refrigerators: Comparing Expert and Amateur Negotiators in a Novel Task. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 38: 305–17.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 1973. An Economic Approach to Legal Procedure and Judicial Administration. Journal of Legal Studies 2: 399–458.Google Scholar
Roth, Alvin E., and Murnighan, Keith. 1982. The Role of Information in Bargaining: An Experimental Study. Econometrica 50: 1123–42.Google Scholar
Shavell, Steven. 1979. Risk Sharing and Incentives in the Principal and Agent Relationship. Bell Journal of Economics 10: 55–73.Google Scholar
Slovic, Paul, and Fischhoff, Baruch. 1977. On the Psychology of Experimental Surprises. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3, no. 4: 544–51.Google Scholar
Smith, S. L., DeFrances, C. J., Langan, P. A., and Geordt, J. 1995. Tort Case. In Large Counties. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. NCJ-153177.Google Scholar
Thompson, Leigh, and Loewenstein, George. 1992. Egocentric Interpretations of Fairness in Interpersonal Conflict. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 51: 176–97.Google Scholar
Weg, Eythan, Rapoport, Amnon, and Felsenthal, Dan S. 1990. Two-Person Bargaining Behavior in Fixed Discounting Games with Infinite Horizon. Games and Economic Behavior 2: 76–95.Google Scholar
Yeazell, Stephen C. 1994. The Misunderstood Consequences of Modern Civil Process. Wisconsin Law Review 1994, no. 3: 631–78.Google Scholar